physical layer
CCNA
Physical Layer (Layer-1) of OSI Model
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer of the OSI Model. It provides the resources to transport the bits that comprise a data link layer frame across the network media. This layer accepts a complete frame from the data link layer and encodes it as a series of signals transmitted to the local press, as shown...
CCNA
OSI Model, including its 7 Layer Introduction
As the importance of computers grows, vendors recognize the need for networking with them. They produced a variety of protocols whose specifications were not made public. Hence, each vendor had different ways of networking computers, and these ways were not compatible with each other. This means that the computers of one vendor could not be...