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Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
PPP support different option that can be configured optionally. One of these options is authentication. Authentication option provides a method to negotiate the use of a particular protocol for Authentication. By default, authentication is not required. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) can be used for PPP links authentication which is defined […]
3 Excel Formula – SUM, Subtraction Average
The excel formula is a difficult task for the users of this software. To help use Excel more effectively learn Excel Formula is very important. In the previous lesson I have discussed, the methods of entering a formula. In this lesson, I am going to teach you basic formulas. SUM SUM formula is the most […]
PPP Configuration
Remember that HDLC is the default encapsulation protocol for Cisco routers. If PPP configuration is not done on Cisco routers, the default encapsulation will be used. To set PPP as the encapsulation method used by a serial interface we need PPP configuration on the serial interfaces. The PPP configuration for the below topology is following. […]
LCP Options
PPP support different option than can be configured optionally. Authentication using PAP or CHAP, Compression using either Stacker or Predictor and Multilink that combines two or more channels to increase the WAN bandwidth. To negotiate these PPP options, the LCP link-establishment frames contain option information in the data field of the LCP frame, as shown […]
NCP Explained
When a PPP link has been initiated, the LCP passes control to the appropriate Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCP is a set of protocols forming a part of PPP. PPP is a data link layer protocol that can transmit multiprotocol data between two point-to-point. PPP’s modular model allows LCP to set up the link and […]
PPP session
When two devices are first turned on, there is no physical layer connection between them. Once the connection is made, the link can continue to establish a PPP session. There are three phases of establishing a PPP session: Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation Before PPP exchanges any network layer datagrams, such as IP, […]
What is Excel Formula?
Microsoft Excel is one of the important family members of Microsoft office. It is in industry-standard software for data analysis. Bankers and financial analysts also use Microsoft Excel for data processing, calculations and presentation. The excel formula is a difficult task for the users of this software. There are two ways to perform data processing […]
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Components
A layered architecture is a logical model that aids in communication between interconnecting layers. We can map the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) layer model with the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and OSI models share the same physical layer although the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) distributes the functions of Link Control Protocol (LCP) […]
PPP Overview
PPP is WAN encapsulation protocol that was built in the 1990s. It is an open standard protocol so the protocol can be used with all vendors. Point to Point Protocol can work with Synchronous serial connection, Asynchronous serial connection, High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSI), ISDN interfaces (BRI and PRI) telephone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized […]
HDLC Encapsulation Protocol
Earlier in the previous article, I have discussed that HDLC is the default encapsulation protocol type on point-to-point connections, dedicated links, and circuit-switched links when the link uses two Cisco devices. It is a synchronous Data Link layer bit-oriented protocol originally developed from the Synchronous Data Link Protocol (SDLC) and became standardized by ISO as ISO […]
WAN Encapsulation Protocols
Network layer passes the data to the data link layer for transmission over the physical layer. The Data Link layer creates frames by adding the necessary checks and controls around the Network layer data. The encapsulation on a router serial interface must be configured to guarantee the correct encapsulation method is used. Different WAN technologies […]
Serial Cable
Serial cable is used to interconnect DTEs and DCEs. The DCEs are data communication equipment that generated or received data, and the DCEs are data communication equipment that only relayed data. There are two different types of cables, one for connecting a DTE to a DCE, and another for connecting two DTEs directly to each […]
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