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Frame Relay Encapsulation – Exclusive Explanation
As we earlier discussed that Frame Relay is working on the Datalink Layer of the OSI Model. So, it takes data packets from the upper layer of the OSI model, encapsulates the data into Frame Relay frame, and then passes the frame to the physical layer of the OSI Model for delivery on the network. […]
Multiple Virtual Circuits (VCs) – Briefly Explained
Frame Relay is a multiplexing technique that transmits only one frame at a time. Multiple virtual circuits can be used on a single physical line. The Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD), or router connected to the Frame Relay network, may have multiple virtual circuits linking it to different endpoints. Multiple VCs on a single physical […]
Frame Relay Virtual Circuits (VCs) – Exclusiv Explanation
We have already discussed Frame Relay in the previous lessons What is Frame Relay? Exclusive Introduction that it provides connection-oriented data link layer communication using a Frame Relay virtual circuit. Frame Relay Virtual Circuits (VCs) is a logical connection between two data terminal equipment (DTE) devices across a Frame Relay packet-switched network (PSN). The circuits are […]
How to Configure Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) periodically checks the character of the far off hub utilizing a three-way handshake. The hostname on one switch must match the username the other switch has designed. The passwords should likewise coordinate. The password value is variable and changes unpredictably while the link exists. When the PPP link establishment phase […]
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
PPP support different option that can be configured optionally. One of these options is authentication. Authentication option provides a method to negotiate the use of a particular protocol for Authentication. By default, authentication is not required. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) can be used for PPP links authentication which is defined […]
3 Excel Formula – SUM, Subtraction Average
The excel formula is a difficult task for the users of this software. To help use Excel more effectively learn Excel Formula is very important. In the previous lesson I have discussed, the methods of entering a formula. In this lesson, I am going to teach you basic formulas. SUM SUM formula is the most […]
PPP Configuration
Remember that HDLC is the default encapsulation protocol for Cisco routers. If PPP configuration is not done on Cisco routers, the default encapsulation will be used. To set PPP as the encapsulation method used by a serial interface we need PPP configuration on the serial interfaces. The PPP configuration for the below topology is following. […]
LCP Options
PPP support different option than can be configured optionally. Authentication using PAP or CHAP, Compression using either Stacker or Predictor and Multilink that combines two or more channels to increase the WAN bandwidth. To negotiate these PPP options, the LCP link-establishment frames contain option information in the data field of the LCP frame, as shown […]
NCP Explained
When a PPP link has been initiated, the LCP passes control to the appropriate Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCP is a set of protocols forming a part of PPP. PPP is a data link layer protocol that can transmit multiprotocol data between two point-to-point. PPP’s modular model allows LCP to set up the link and […]
PPP session
When two devices are first turned on, there is no physical layer connection between them. Once the connection is made, the link can continue to establish a PPP session. There are three phases of establishing a PPP session: Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation Before PPP exchanges any network layer datagrams, such as IP, […]
What is Excel Formula?
Microsoft Excel is one of the important family members of Microsoft office. It is in industry-standard software for data analysis. Bankers and financial analysts also use Microsoft Excel for data processing, calculations and presentation. The excel formula is a difficult task for the users of this software. There are two ways to perform data processing […]
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Components
A layered architecture is a logical model that aids in communication between interconnecting layers. We can map the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) layer model with the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and OSI models share the same physical layer although the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) distributes the functions of Link Control Protocol (LCP) […]
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