June 2, 2019

Network Interface Card (NIC) and Ethernet: Essential for Modern Networking (2025)

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A Network Interface Card (NIC), also known as an Ethernet card, is a hardware component that enables a computer to connect to a network, such as a home network or the Internet, using an Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector or wireless technologies. Network Interface Cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network, and… Read more

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Framing in Data Link Layer – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)

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Data-link layer framing is a critical process in networking, enabling reliable data transmission across diverse media. The data-link layer takes packets from the Network Layer and encapsulates them into frames, the fundamental data units for network communication. If the frame size becomes too large, the packet may be divided into smaller frames to ensure efficient

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Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): Explained for 2025

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Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a network protocol that listens for a carrier signal before transmitting data, reducing collisions on shared transmission media like Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks. By checking the state of the medium before sending, CSMA ensures efficient data transmission in networks with multiple devices. As part of the Media Access Control

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