CCNA

CCNA Study Guide
online cisco ccna training guide – collection of high quality CCNA tutorials.
These tutorials are prepared with single slogan; “provide best online CCNA training absolutely free”. This comprehensive collection of CCNA Study material is exactly; what you need to prepare for following exams CCNA Routing and Switching; Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT), Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices – part 1 (ICND-1); Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices – part 2 (ICND-2). CCNA certificate is a goal in your career journey. So to get this goal we arranged this exclusive CCNA training program in such a way that you get advantage from these CCNA tutorials in exam and after getting certificate in your job life.

ccnp

Cisco CCNP RS – Learning Summary of EIGRP

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EIGRP is the abbreviation of Enhanced Internal Gateway Routing Protocol. It is a unique protocol of Cisco and can only run on Cisco devices. Therefore, unlike OSPF and RIP, EIGRP has special RFC documents. Its predecessor is IGRP. Of course, it is similar to IGRP only in the calculation of metric value, and it is very different in other aspects. It combines the distance vector and link state protocols. It has the characteristics of distance vector and link state protocols. It supports VLAN and discontinuous sub-nets. The link topology calculated according to its core algorithm is 100% acyclic. The most important feature is fast convergence and does not occupy bandwidth. When the physical topology does not change, it will only send some simple keep-alive messages to maintain it. It supports a variety of protocols and is simple to configure. The following part introduces some simple contents of EIGRP:

1. Three Tables of EIGRP

Neighbor Table: two routers directly connected physically. If both routers are running EIGRP, they will become EIGRP neighbors

Topology Table: place all paths to different network segments

Routing Table: place the optimal path to the destination as the forwarding basis

Then let’s talk about how they communicate with each other, that is, how to fill in three tables:

1. after running EIGRP, the router will send hello packets in the network segment of 224.0.0.10. After receiving Hello from each other, you can find out which neighbors you have. Then put the results you get into the neighborhood table. Hello: used for neighbor discovery and recovery. （Multicast）

2. after they have established their neighbors, they start to use the update message to transmit routing information to each other. When you receive the update message from the other party, you will send a confirmation message to the other party to tell him that you have received it, that is, an ACK message. Then you fill in your own topology table, which contains all paths. It can form a theoretical topology. Update: deliver route updates, including only required router entries. Unicast is used when updating a specified router, and Multicast is used when updating multiple routers.

ACK: used to confirm Update/Query/Reply (Unicast)

3. a query message is a message sent to a neighbor to confirm whether it is true after your topology has changed Query: when a Feasible Successor is not found, a query message (multicast) will be sent

Reply: Respond to query message. （Unicast）

4. finally, the router uses the core algorithm to calculate the optimal path to a network outage according to the topology table and put it into the routing table.

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2. Dual Algorithm (Core Algorithm)

Diffusion Update Algorithm: used to calculate the optimal loop-free path and standby path

characteristic:

① Acyclic topology

② Acyclic standby paths available immediately

③ Fast convergence

④ Low bandwidth utilization (through limited updates)

Terminology:

Successor: the best route to the target network, which is stored in the routing table and used to forward packets.

Feasible Distance (FD): the measure of reaching the target network by itself.

Feasible Successor: it is a sub-optimal route, which is shorter than the feasible distance. It is considered a backup route,

The AD of the next hop router to a specific network must be smaller than the current FD.

Advertised Distance (AD): the measure of the neighbor’s reaching the target network, which is stored in the topology table.

Feasible Conditions (FC): AD&lt, FD

When the advertised distance of a neighbor to a network is shorter than the feasible distance of a local router to the same destination network.

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CNC

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What is the CNC? Why is it so important?

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Computer numerical control (CNC) is the system by which an operator can control the machining of a tool. Management is carried out through a control panel and a software program. The orders that are executed from here reach the machine so that it complies with the established guidelines.

The numerical control is therefore responsible for controlling all the movements of the machine. Among them, not only the cut and the precision of it, but also the speed, the type of displacement, etc. In this way, much more precise, exact and personalized results are achieved.

CNC operation

The operation of the computerized numerical control is based on the positioning on the X, Y and Z axes. From these three axes, different automatic machining jobs can be carried out on a piece. The most common are cutting, drilling, milling, threading or roughing. The first task that is carried out is the design of the piece by computer using the CAD program. CAD (Computer Aided Design) software is used to create and modify any design. A drawing technique with which to design the different properties in terms of color, layer, style and material of a piece.

When the final design is ready, the operator goes to the control panel of the machining machine to indicate the necessary orders for the manufacture of the part. The movements that the machine will carry out are integrated into the CNC by means of codes with various specific keys.

The main commands indicated to the tool are those for feedrate, depth, start or stop. However, everything will depend both on the machine that is being used and on the piece and its design that you want to obtain. Tool change, positioning and other movement direction variables can also be included among these commands.

It is for this reason that each machine has its own different CNC program. Lathes and milling machines are the most common machining machines. But, within them, there are a series of types that carry out different jobs with specific pieces. Computer numerical control can be different in all these tools.

Uses and applications of Computer Numerical Control

CNC machining is already used both in large companies and in small workshops, factories and businesses. Precisely, CNC cutting machine is used in joinery and carpentry workshops, for interior design work, industrial design, the textile industry and the manufacture of all kinds of metal parts. Large industrial sectors use CNC machines as essential elements. The aeronautical, aerospace, steel, wind, automotive, etc. sectors. They use machines of this type to manufacture all their parts and components. Turbines, propellers, fuselage elements, parts for cars, ships, trains, etc.

CNC technology is also used in the electrical industry, as well as in all that is dedicated to the manufacture or extraction of metal. Any type of industry today requires the use of computerized numerical control. However, not all companies have the resource. Therefore they can take advantage of CNC services to make the various parts needed. There are many such services and most of them can be found online. Yijin Hardware is one of the few CNC services of good repute. Hiring a CNC service is an alternative for many companies with limited budgets. Instead of buying their CNC machines, it would be cheaper and more practical to hire a complete CNC service. Click here for more like this.

How many questions is the CCNA 200-301 exam?

How many questions is the CCNA 200-301 exam?

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The skill that is required to clear the exam is to have a complete knowledge about medium and small size enterprise branch network, troubleshooting, operating, installing successfully. Covering the topics of the WAN, troubleshooting, IP services (FHRP, syslog, SNMP v2 and v3), IP routing technologies, LAN switching technologies the exam is very important to pass for getting the certification. The Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) version 2 is the exam that contains the 50 to 60 questions that have to be solved by the candidates in 90 minutes in the English language. It is important to access SPOTO. You can check here.

Exam Topic of the 200-301 Cisco

  1. WAN Technologies                               15%
  2. Troubleshooting                                     32%
  3. IP Services                                                6%
  4. IP Routing Technologies                        26%
  5. LAN Switching Technologies                 21%

Buy Study guide plan online

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CISA-Exam

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How many exams does CCNP enterprise have?

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CCNP Certification stands for Cisco certified network professional certification. This certification is available for IT professionals who have at least one year of experience in networking and want to upgrade their skills to perform better and earn better in the market. In addition, CCNP certification is especially for the people who want to specialize in implementing, maintaining, and planning Cisco’s high-end network solution products. Some of the significant courses that Cisco certification covers are as follows:

  • Cisco remote access
  • Cisco advanced routing
  • Cisco multilayer switching
  • Converged network optimization
  • Scalable internetworks.

This certification trains the professionals to troubleshoot, install and maintain WAN (Wide Area Network) and LAN (Local Area Network). In addition, router redistribution, access lists, ethernet and Appletalk, are some extended expertise that Cisco certificate holders gain.

Are CCNP and CCNA the same or different?

It is the most frequently asked question that might cause confusion in people’s minds. CCNA and CCNP are different from each other, and the following is the difference described in a nutshell.

CCNA is an associate-level certification that examines the professionals’ expertise in switching and routing fundamentals. On the other hand, CCNP is an advanced level of certification that asks for the deeper knowledge of networks, including Wide Area Network and Local Area Networks. Both CCNA and CCNP are Cisco certifications, but CCNP is senior to CCNA because it requires a more profound and strong understanding of networks and their security and other components of the system.

How many exams does CCNP enterprise have?

Before attempting for a CCNP exam, you must know that you will have to take two exams to get CCNP Enterprise certifications. These two exams are the core exam and concentration exam. So now you will be thinking about the difference between the core exam and the concentration exam. We are mentioning the difference below:

The core exam covers the knowledge related to infrastructures of the networks, including dual-stack, architecture, infrastructure, virtualization, security, network assurance and automation. The concentration exam emphasizes industry-specific subjects like SD-WAN, Network Design, automation, and wireless on the flip card.

Which CCNP enterprise exam should I take first?

It depends on different situations and different people, which specialty exam should one take first. But we would try to encapsulate the answer in short sentences.

  • The people who are aspiring to have a network engineering cert as old CCNP routing and switching should take ENARSI (300-410) CCNP first.
  • If you want to excel in SD-WAN and edge routing solutions, you should first take ENSDWI  (300-415).
  • The people who want to design enterprise networks should opt for ENSLD (300-420).
  • The wireless design engineers should take ENWLSI (300-430) enterprise speciality exam.
  • Network automation engineers should get their hands on the ENAUTO (300-435) enterprise speciality exam.

Which enterprise exam every candidate must take?

ENCOR (300-401) is the core enterprise exam that everyone must take. The best thing about the enterprise core exam is that it covers the skills and principles of enterprise networks. These skills and principles include troubleshooting, management, security, and some other significant components of enterprise networking. Therefore, taking this exam will not only enhance your skills related to enterprise networking but also help you upgrade your professional career.

How to prepare for the CCNP Enterprise exam?

Here comes the most frequently asked question from where you should prepare for your CCNP enterprise exams. Many online platforms are offering the opportunity to guide you about the whole examination system. However, if you are also seeking ultimate tuition for your CCNP exam, the CCNP Enterprise exam dumps practice and studying by SPOTO is the best way to pass the exam and upgrade your career. We know that the CCNP enterprise exam is not child’s play. That’s why we have a crew of highly professional and experienced trainers that have been working for several years in the market.

If you wonder why you should choose us instead of others in the market, the following points will help you understand the perks of choosing us.

  • We provide 100% real exam practice tests.
  • We give 100% verified exams questions and answers.
  • You can now practice for only five days and pass your enterprise exam.
  • We have excellent, professional and experienced teams of tutors.

What can be better than having so many benefits under one roof? Of course, nothing! So, what are you exactly waiting for then? Register yourself now and get ahead of the game!

CCNA 200-301

CCNA 200-301 Free Exam Questions & Answers

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Have you ever faced a situation where you have to prepare for the exam but you aren’t sure what kind of questions you can face in the exam?

But if you are one of those who are preparing for the CCNA 200-301 exam, then the problem has been solved because below are the CCNA 200-301 free exam questions & answers only to help you get through this situation.

Read them all and get prepared for the exam with us.

Questions & Answers

Here is your 200-301 practice test free with a list of 7 questions and their answers that will not only tell you what kind of exam you are going to face but will also help you prepare for the kind of questions you will get in the exams.

Start reading and start revising:

Q. A single-line ACL has been added to a router configuration using the command IP access-list 1 permit 172.16.4.0 0.0.1.255. The configuration also includes the access-class 1 in command in VTY configuration mode. Which answer accurately describes how the router uses ACL 1?

  1. Hosts in subnet 172.16.4.0/23 alone can log in but cannot reach enable mode of the router.
  2. Hosts in subnet 172.16.4.0/23 alone can telnet into the router.
  3. The router will only forward packets with source addresses in subnet 172.16.4.0/23.
  4. CLI users cannot telnet from the router to hosts in subnet 172.16.4.0/23 alone.

Answer: 2

Q. What is the same for both copper and fiber interfaces when using SFP modules?

  1. They offer reliable bandwidth up to 100 Mbps in half-duplex mode
  2. They accommodate single-mode and multi-mode in a single module.
  3. They support an inline optical attenuator to enhance signal strength.
  4. They provide minimal interruption to services by being hot-swappable.

Answer: 4

Q. Which of the following statements is true about classless IP addressing concepts?

  1. Ignores Class A, B, and C network rules.
  2. Uses a 128-bit IP address.
  3. Separates IP addresses into a network, subnet, and host parts.
  4. Applies only for Class A and B networks.

Answer: 1

Q. What are the two functions of a server on a network? (Select two answers).

  1. Achieves redundancy by exclusively using virtual server clustering.
  2. Housed solely in a data center that is dedicated to a single client.
  3. Runs applications that send and retrieve data for workstations that make requests.
  4. Handles requests from multiple workstations at the same time.
  5. Runs the same operating system to communicate with other servers.

Answer: 3 and 4

Q. An enterprise moves away from manual configuration methods, making changes by editing centralized configuration files. Which answers list an issue solved by using a version control system with those centralized files? (Select two answers).

  1. The ability to find the details of what changed in the configuration file over time.
  2. The ability to use a template with per-device variables to create configurations.
  3. The ability to find which engineer changed the central configuration file on a date/time.
  4. The ability to recognize configuration drift in a device and notify the staff.

Answer:  1 and 3

Q. Does the Wi-Fi Alliance offer which of the following certifications for wireless devices that correctly implement security standards?

  1. WPA2
  2. AES
  3. WEP
  4. 802.11

Answer: 1

Q. What is a recommended approach to avoid co-channel congestion while installing access points that use the 2.4 GHz frequency?

  1. One nonoverlapping channel
  2. One overlapping channel
  3. Different overlapping channels
  4. Different nonoverlapping channels

Answer: 4

So, now do you have an idea what kind of questions will be asked to you in the exam and how? if yes then go and start preparing for it now and if no then read the questions again and absorb them until the concept of the CCNA 200-301 exam becomes clear to you.

To Sum Up:

Having a sample paper for an upcoming exam is a great idea. Knowing what to prepare and how you will be asked questions release a lot of tension, stress, and anxiety. But now that you have some CCNA 200-301 free exam questions and answers, we are pretty sure you can give the exam confidently.

For more updates, stay tuned and keep reading!

CCNA Certification

Advance Your Career By Grabbing Cisco CCNA Certification And Open The Door To Limitless Opportunities In The IT Sector

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Are you wondering how useful the Cisco CCNA certification can be for your career progress? No need to guess because it will be the best decision for you if you want to become proficient in network fundamentals, IP services, network access, and security fundamentals. Adding this accreditation to your resume will provide you with a solid validation of your knowledge and skills as well as open you up to a variety of career opportunities. Once you achieve the CCNA accreditation, you can showcase it on your profile to attract potential employers, which significantly increases your chances of getting the desired job. Do you want to learn more about this valuable designation and the benefits it brings? Then keep reading the paragraphs below!

What Is the Cisco 200-301 Exam? 

To achieve the prestigious Cisco CCNA certification, you will have to pass the 200-301 exam. The test has an allocated duration of 120 minutes and within this set timeframe, the examinees are required to answer around 100-120 questions. The evaluation is delivered in two languages, English and Japanese, and costs each applicant $300 plus applicable taxes. To get better clarity of the test and pass it with flying colors, the candidates need to master each domain of the exam syllabus in detail. Besides, the potential test-takers are recommended to have at least 1 year of professional experience in implementing and administering Cisco solutions. The understanding of basic IP addressing and network fundamentals will be also of help. 

Career Opportunities for the Cisco CCNA Certification Holders

Now that you know how to achieve the Cisco CCNA accreditation, you should be interested in the advantages you can get as a certified professional. After passing the Cisco 200-301 exam, you will be exposed to many career opportunities in the IT sector. This is because Cisco is a famous vendor and its certifications are accepted by the top companies all over the world. The individuals who hold the Cisco designation have credibility in the job market as the employers can rely on their expertise. Well, some of the job roles you can take up after achieving the certificate are as follows: 

  • Network Administrator 
  • Systems Administrator 
  • Network Analyst 
  • Network Engineer

When it comes to the compensation for Cisco CCNA professionals, a Network Administrator can earn an average salary of $63,767 yearly, while a Systems Administrator can have an annual income of $66,891, as revealed by Payscale.com. A Network Analyst holding the CCNA accreditation can earn on average $61,167 per year. In its turn, a certified Network Engineer can get a remuneration of $76,081 annually.  

Conclusion No matter how tough it seems to get the Cisco CCNA certification, this designation clears your path and paves the road to success in your professional life. The Cisco CCNA accreditation will advance your career and provide you a chance to work in a high position within reputable firms. All you have to do is to be passionate and put in a lot of hard work to achieve this Cisco certification. Prepare diligently for the Cisco 200-301 exam and embark on enhancing your expertise in the IT field.

Static Mapping command Examination

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We earlier discussed that Cisco routers support all network layer protocols over Frame Relay. We also know that the address-to-DLCI mapping can be accomplished both by dynamic or static mapping. Frame Relay static mapping ever depends on the network needs. To map between a next hop protocol address and DLCI destination address, the follow command syntax can be used:

frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci[broadcast] [ietf] [cisco].

The “ietf” parameter can be used when you want to connect a non-Cisco router.

Another parameter in the command is “broadcast”; this parameter specifies that broadcast and multicast traffic is permitted over the VC. It is permits the use of dynamic routing protocols over the VC. Due to broadcast the configuration of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol can be significantly simplified.

Frame Relay, ATM, and X.25 are non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) networks. Non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) based networks only allow data transfer from point to point, over a VC, or across a switching device. Non-broadcast multiaccess (NBMA) networks do not allow multicasting or broadcasting, therefore a single packet cannot reach to all destinations.

The single packet required to replicate the packets manually to all destinations. Using the broadcast keyword is a way to send and forward routing updates. The broadcast keyword support IPv4 broadcasts and multicasts to be propagated to all nodes. Broadcast also allows IPv6 multicasts over the PVC. When this keyword is enabled, the router converts the broadcast or multicast traffic into unicast traffic so that other nodes receive the routing updates.

The “protocol” parameters defines the supported protocol, bridging or logical link control: IPv4, IPv6, Apple Talk, decnet, dlsw, ipx, rsrb, vies, llc2 and xns.

The “procol address” defines the network layer address of the destination router interface.

The “dlci” defines t local DLCI used to connect to the remote protocol address.

Frame Relay Address Mapping Exclusive

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Cisco routers support all network layer protocols such as IPv4, IPv6, IPX, and AppleTalk over Frame Relay. For transmitting data over Frame Relay, it needs to know which local DLCI maps to the Layer 3 address of the remote destination. In simple words Frame Relay address mapping matches a next-hop IP address that sits on the Frame Relay network with the local DLCI used to send frames to that next-hop device. It is working just like ARP on a LAN. This address-to-DLCI mapping can be accomplished both by static or dynamic mapping. Before discussing the Frame Relay mapping, we will discuss the Inverse ARP.

Inverse ARP

The Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the primary tool for Frame Relay. Inverse ARP is the opposite of the ARP. ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses. But Inverse ARP get Layer 3 addresses of other stations from Layer 2 addresses, such as the DLCI in Frame Relay networks. Inverse ARP is usually used in Frame Relay and ATM networks.

Frame Relay for IPv6 uses Inverse Neighbor Discovery to get a Layer 3 IPv6 address from a Layer 2 DLCI. A Frame Relay router sends an Inverse Neighbor Discovery Solicitation message to request a Layer 3 IPv6 address corresponding to a Layer 2 DLCI address of the remote Frame Relay router. At the similar time the Inverse Neighbor Discovery Solicitation message provides the sender’s Layer 2 DLCI address to the remote Frame Relay router.

Dynamic Frame Relay Address Mapping

Frame Relay Dynamic address mapping depends on Inverse ARP to determine a next-hop IPv4 address to a local DLCI value. The Frame Relay router sends out Inverse ARP requests on its PVC to find out the address of the far-end device connected to the Frame Relay network. The router uses the responses to populate an address-to-DLCI mapping table on the Frame Relay router. The Cisco Routers enabled Inverse ARP by default, no additional command is required to configure dynamic Frame Relay mapping on an interface.

The router make and maintains this mapping table, which included all determined Inverse ARP requests with both dynamic and static mapping entries. Cisco routers have enabled Inverse ARP, by default, for all protocols on the physical interface. Inverse ARP packets are not sent out for protocols that are not enabled on the interface.

Static Frame Relay Address Mapping

A network administrator can compute a manual static mapping for the next hop address and can override dynamic Inverse ARP mapping by supplying a manual static map address to a local DLCI. A static Frame Relay mapping works similar to dynamic Inverse ARP by associating a particular next-hop protocol address to a local Frame Relay DLCI. We cannot use Inverse ARP and a map statement for the same DLCI and protocol.

If the router of the remote side does not support dynamic Inverse ARP for a specific network, then the network administrator can use static Frame Relay mapping. Static Frame Relay mapping will complete the remote network layer address to local DLCI resolution in the above example.

Another use of static Frame Relay mapping is a hub-and-spoke Frame Relay network. Network administrator uses static Frame Relay address mapping on the spoke routers to provide spoke-to-spoke reach ability.

We earlier discussed the Hub and Spoke, and we know that the spoke routers do not have direct connectivity with each other so, dynamic Inverse ARP would not work between them. Dynamic Inverse ARP work if there are direct point-to-point connections available between two ends. In the Hub and Spok network, the dynamic Frame Relay mapping will only work between the Hub and Spoke, and the spokes require static mapping to provide connectivity to each other. In the next article we will discuss the configuration of static Frame Relay mapping.

Frame Relay Encapsulation

Frame Relay Encapsulation – Exclusive Explanation

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As we earlier discussed that Frame Relay is working on the Datalink Layer of the OSI Model. So, it takes data packets from the upper layer of the OSI model, encapsulates the data into Frame Relay frame, and then passes the frame to the physical layer of the OSI Model for delivery on the network. Frame Relay encapsulation is important to understand because it is helpful to understand how Frame Relay is working. Frame Relay encapsulates data for sending over the network, as shown in Figure 1.

Frame Relay Encapsulation

During the Frame Relay encapsulation process, it accepts a packet from a network layer protocol, such as IPv4 or IPv6. Frame Relay Encapsulation process makes changes with an address field that contains the DLCI and a checksum.

Flag fields are added to indicate the beginning and end of the frame. It is mark the start and end of the frame with same values. It is either represented as the hexadecimal number 7E or as the binary number 01111110. Frame Relay encapsulates the packet and pass the frame to the physical layer for transport.

The CPE encapsulates each Layer 3 packet inside a Frame Relay header and trailer before sending it across the Virtual Circuit (VC). The header and trailer are defined by LAPF. The Frame Relay header address field specifically contains the following fields as shown in the figure:

  • DLCI – DLCI is the most important fields in the Frame Relay header. DLCI represents the virtual connection between the DTE device and the switch. All virtual connection (VCs) that is multiplexed on to the physical channel is represented by a unique DLCI. I earlier says that DLCI values are local significance, so they are unique only to the physical channel on which they exist. Thus, devices at opposite ends of a connection can use different DLCI values to refer to the same virtual connection.
  • C/R – C/R bit follows the most significant DLCI byte in the Address field.
  • EA – EA is stand for Extended Address. If the value of this field is 1, the current byte is determined to be the last DLCI octet. Even if current Frame Relay implementations all use a two-octet DLCI, this capability does allow longer DLCIs in the future. Last bit of each byte of the Address field indicates the EA.
  • Congestion Control– Congestion Control has three bits referred to as the Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN), Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN), and Discard Eligible (DE) bits.

The frame relay frame is forwarded to physical layer of the OSI model for transmission. Physical Layer is typically EIA/TIA-232, 449, V.35, or X.21. The Frame Relay frame is a member of the HDLC frame type; therefore, it is enclosed with flag fields.

The 8-bit flag uses the bit pattern 01111110. The FCS determines whether any errors in the Layer 2 address field occurred during transmission. The sending node checks and calculates FCS before sending it. At the far-away end, a second FCS value is calculated and compared to the FCS in the frame. If both values are matched, the frame is processed. If there is dissimilarity, the frame is discarded. Frame Relay never notifies the source when if a frame is discarded. Error control is left to the upper layers of the OSI model.

Multiple-VCs

Multiple Virtual Circuits (VCs) – Briefly Explained

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Frame Relay is a multiplexing technique that transmits only one frame at a time. Multiple virtual circuits can be used on a single physical line. The Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD), or router connected to the Frame Relay network, may have multiple virtual circuits linking it to different endpoints.

Multiple VCs on a single physical line is distinguished because each Virtual Circuit has its own DLCI. I have mentioned in the previous article that the DLCI has local significance and may be different at each end of a VC.

Multiple Virtual Circuits reduces the number of equipment and network also reduces the network complexity. Using Multiple Virtual Circuits makes the network very cost-effective. With this configuration, each endpoint required a single access line and a single interface.

The figure-1 below illustrates the example of Multiple Virtual Circuits of the central office with its remote locations. Central Office is connected to the network using two VCs and each VC is assigned a DLCI.

Multiple Virtual Circuits

As I mentioned earlier that Frame Relay decreases the network cost because customers only pay for the bandwidth they use and for the port they are using. When the customer needs more ports, they pay for more bandwidth, but they do not pay for equipment because all the ports in Frame Relay are virtual.

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