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Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Components

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Components

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A layered architecture is a logical model that aids in communication between interconnecting layers. We can map the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) layer model with the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and OSI models share the same physical layer although the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) distributes the functions of Link Control Protocol (LCP) and Network Control Protocol (NCP) differently.

We can configure a range of interfaces at the physical layer including Asynchronous serial, Synchronous serial, HSSI and ISDN. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) operates across any DTE/DCE interface including RS-232, RS-422, RS423 or V.35. The figure below illustrates the layered model of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). LCP and NCP mostly work in the data-link layer and network layer. The LCP sets up the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connection including connection parameters. It is also responsible for connection termination. The NCPs handle higher layer protocol configurations.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Link Control Protocol (LCP)

The Link Control Protocol (LCP) establishes, configures, and tests data-link connections. PPP send and receive LCP packet before establishing communications over a point-to-point link. The LCP packet may be accepted or rejected based on a linked peer, packet size and other configuration. The LCP packet checks the identity of its linked peer, sets the packet size limits, and also check for common configuration errors. Once the LCP packet accepts the link, traffic can be forwarded on the network. If the LCP packet found the link is not working correctly, it terminates the link. The LCP packet has three different types.

  • Link configuration packets
  • Link termination packets
  • Link maintenance packets

The LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end. The LCP also negotiates and sets up control options on the WAN data link, which are handled by the NCPs. When the link is established, PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on encapsulation formats such as authentication, compression, and error detection.

Network Control Protocol (NCP)

Network Control Protocol (NCP) was an early protocol implemented by ARPANET. The ARPANET is the world’s first operational packet-switching network that later evolved into what became the Internet. Network Control Protocol (NCP) is the part of Point − to − Point Protocol (PPP). It is a data link layer protocol used for transmitting multi-protocol data between two point-to-point devices. PPP uses a separate NCP for each network layer protocol. For example, IPv6 uses the IPv6 Control Protocol (IPv6CP) and IPv4 uses IPv4 Control Protocol (IPCP). Each NCP manages the particular needs required by its relevant network-layer protocols. Different components of NCP encapsulate and negotiate options for multiple network-layer protocols.

NCP allowed access and use to remote devices at remote locations and to transmit files between devices and computers. NCP is the part of the protocol stack, and enabled application services such as email and file transfer. TCP/IP was replaced NCP in the 1980s.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Frame

PPP is a byte-oriented protocol. A PPP frame contains six fields. Each PPP frame is composed of one or more bytes. The fields of a PPP frame are illustrated in the figure below:-

Flag – Flag field marks the beginning and the end of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frame. It flags field standard HDLC field containing 8 bits. The bits pattern of the flag field is 01111110.

Address – It is a bit field that contains the binary sequence. In case of broadcast, the sequence is set to 11111111, PPP does not assign individual station addresses.

Control – This is a one-byte long field with the binary sequence 00000011. The value 00000011 shows that the frame does not contain any sequence numbers. It provides a connectionless link service for a point-to-point link. So, for PPP, the Address field is set to 0xFF, the broadcast address. If both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) peers agree to do address and control field compression during the LCP negotiation, the Address field is not included.

Protocol – Protocol field is either one bit or two bits long that identify the protocol encapsulated in the information field of the frame. If the field is 2-byte, the field identifies the protocol of the PPP payload. If both PPP peers agree for the compression of the protocol field during LCP negotiation, the Protocol field is reduced to one byte for the protocol identification. The up-to-date values of the Protocol field are specified in the most recent Assigned Numbers Request For Comments (RFC).

Data/Payload – Data field is variable in length. It specifies the kind of packet in the data field i.e. what is being carried in the data field. The data field can contain user data or other information. If the length is not negotiated using LCP during line setup, a default length of 1500 bytes is used.

Frame Check Sequence (FCS) – FSC stands for Frame Check Sequence. It is a 2 byte or 4 bytes frame check sequence for error detection. The 2-byte frame is standard; however, LCPs can negotiate modifications to the standard PPP frame structure.

PPP Overview

PPP Overview

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PPP is WAN encapsulation protocol that was built in the 1990s. It is an open standard protocol so the protocol can be used with all vendors. Point to Point Protocol can work with Synchronous serial connection, Asynchronous serial connection, High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSI), ISDN interfaces (BRI and PRI) telephone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized radio links, or fibre-optic links. Point to Point Protocol is provided dynamic addressing, authentication, callback and compression services. The protocol encapsulates multiple network layer protocols to pass theme over the same link. It also performs error detection, correction and quality check of link. PPP is supported single logical connection over several physical connections. PPP is reach feature protocol as compared to HDLC.

Point to Point Protocol is working on the data-link layer and was originally developed to encapsulate higher network-layer protocols to pass over synchronous and asynchronous communication lines. Point to Point Protocol can also establish other network standards, including network protocol multiplexing, session negotiation, and data-compression negotiation. It also supports protocols other than TCP/IP, such as IPX/SPX and DECnet. The PPP uses three components to transmit data over a serial point-to-point link. Each of the three components has separate function but requires the use of the other two to complete their tasks. The components are Framing, LCP and NCP. The components will be discussed in the next lessons.

Benefits of PPP

We know that PPP was originally designed as an encapsulation protocol for transporting TCP/IP traffic over point-to-point links. It provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol packets over point-to-point links. PPP has many features that are not available in HDLC. The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the link. If too many errors occur, PPP takes the link down. PPP supports PAP and CHAP methods for authentication that will be explained in a later section. Other advantages of link-state are the following:-

Cost – The PPP links separate networks via the internet, which has been shown to help reduce cost by reducing the need for specialized hardware and software.

Easy Troubleshooting- Troubleshooting of point-to-point network is easy due to layered architecture because all layers are relevant to each other. So, one layer will troubleshoot and free itself from problems and then further troubleshooting determines easily which layers are having problems.

Resiliency – Traditional WAN technologies only uses sharing links for data communication between remote networks, but now the network can provide a significant level of flexibility. For example, users of WAN technologies can experience interruptions, which lead to loss of data. But on the internet, Protocol is used to automatically change the broken route all before they are arrive at their intended destination.