Month: August 2019

A screenshot of a Cisco IOS Ping Simulator interface with buttons for Successful Ping, Timeout Ping, Unreachable, Loopback Test, and Extended Ping, along with a terminal prompt and ping indicators legend.
CCNA August 11, 2019

Understanding Ping Indicators and Ping Results in Cisco IOS (Updared 2025)

The ping command is a fundamental network troubleshooting tool that uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), as defined in RFC 792, to test connectivity between devices. It is essential for CCNA (ICND1, ICND2) and CCNP (ROUTE, SWITCH, TSHOOT) exam preparation, helping students verify Layer 3 connectivity by the ping results. This utility has evolved […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
CCNA August 11, 2019

Cisco Router File System – Exclusive Details (Updated 2025)

The Cisco IOS File System (IFS) has different directories, depending on the device. The IFS also allows the creation of subdirectories in flash memory or on a disk. The figure below displays the output of the show file system command, which lists all of the available file systems on the router. 📂 File System Entries […]
Mudassir K Read More
Network diagram showing Comcast Xfinity and AT&T Internet routers connected to a central router, server, and multiple computers for redundancy and traffic management.
CCNA August 10, 2019

Master Network Uptime with Powerful Redundancy Strategies For Small Network (Updated 2025)

Redundancy In a Small Network Redundancy is a critical factor in network design, ensuring reliability and minimizing costly downtime in a business. It eliminates single points of failure, enhancing small network resilience. There are several ways to achieve redundancy in a small network. Network redundancy can be achieved by installing standby and alternate network devices, […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
A visual diagram representing IP address planning for a small network. It shows segmented IP ranges assigned to servers (192.168.1.10–30), end devices like PCs and IP phones (192.168.1.100–200), intermediary devices such as routers and switches (192.168.1.50–70), and internet-accessible hosts (203.0.113.10). Each device group is enclosed in color-coded zones within the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet. Arrows indicate traffic flow across subnet boundaries.
CCNA August 10, 2019

Master IP Address Planning for Unbeatable Small Network Success (Updated 2025)

IP address planning is crucial for implementing a small network, ensuring all hosts have unique addresses. The network administrator must document the IP addressing scheme. The administrator should also maintain IP addresses based on the type of device to configure the addresses. The different types of devices that require IP addresses are:- Servers: Host critical […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Diagram of small network topology with router, switch, servers, and connected devices.
CCNA August 9, 2019

Small Network Topologies – Exclusive Details (Updated 2025)

This guide is designed for network professionals using Windows (e.g., 10/11) or Linux (e.g., Ubuntu 22.04) systems. Network configuration can be managed via Command Prompt (cmd) on Windows or terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) on Linux, with tools like ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux) for IP management. These OS platforms are essential for implementing […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Diagram illustrating DNS hierarchy, message format, security threats, and common record types.
CCNA August 9, 2019

DNS-Domain Name System

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the backbone of modern networking, translating human-readable domain names like networkustad.com into machine-readable IP addresses such as 64.91.237.241. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding DNS is critical because it underpins how devices communicate in IP networks, including Cisco-based infrastructures. Think of DNS as the Internet’s phone book, enabling seamless […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Diagram of DHCP DORA process showing Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge messages.
CCNA August 8, 2019

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) Updated 2025

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a cornerstone of modern networking, automating IP address allocation to streamline network management. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding DHCP is critical, as it simplifies the configuration of IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS servers in both small and large networks. Unlike static IP addressing, which […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
A diagram illustrating the email communication process between a Client, SMTP Server-1, and SMTP Server-2. The Client sends an email to admin@networkustad.com, with an arrow showing the message transmitted to SMTP Server-1. An arrow from SMTP Server-1 to SMTP Server-2 indicates forwarding if the recipient is not local, with TLS 1.3 encryption highlighted in green, and a return arrow shows undeliverable message feedback.
CCNA August 8, 2019

Master SMTP, POP, and IMAP for Seamless Email Success (Updated 2025)

Email is one of the primary services running on the Internet. So, what application, protocol, and services are required for email? The email server stores email messages in a database. Email uses the store-and-forward method for sending and storing messages. Email clients communicate with the servers running mail services to send and receive email. The […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
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