Author: Asad Ijaz

NetworkUstad's lead networking architect with CCIE certification. Specializes in CCNA exam preparation and enterprise network design. Authored 2,800+ technical guides on Cisco systems, BGP routing, and network security protocols since 2018. Picture this: I'm not just someone who writes about tech; I'm a certified expert in the field. I proudly hold the titles of Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). So, when I talk about networking, I'm not just whistling in the dark; I know my stuff! My website is like a treasure trove of knowledge. You'll find a plethora of articles and tutorials covering a wide range of topics related to networking and cybersecurity. It's not just a website; it's a learning hub for anyone who's eager to dive into the world of bits, bytes, and secure connections. And here's a fun fact: I'm not a lone wolf in this journey. I'm a proud member and Editor of Team NetworkUstad. Together, we're on a mission to empower people with the knowledge they need to navigate the digital landscape safely and effectively. So, if you're ready to embark on a tech-savvy adventure, stick around with me, Asad Ijaz Khattak. We're going to unravel the mysteries of technology, one article at a time!"
A detailed diagram showing data encapsulation and de-encapsulation processes, with labeled layers from Application (Layer 7) to Physical (Layer 1) for both sender and receiver.
CCNA April 28, 2025

Understanding Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation in OSI Layers: A Comprehensive Guide With Simulator Updated 2025

Data encapsulation and de-encapsulation are crucial for transmitting information across computer networks. Encapsulation involves wrapping data in a specific format before sending it over the network, ensuring it can traverse various communication mediums and reach its destination intact. On the other hand, de-encapsulation is the process of unwrapping and extracting the original data at the […]
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A mini dab rig displayed on the left side of a colorful, abstract background in green and blue tones, accompanied by bold yellow text on the right reading "MINI DAB RIGS OVER FULL SIZE OPTIONS" with a pink underline.
Crypto April 27, 2025

What Affects Bitcoin Price the Most? 7 Key Factors Explained

Bitcoin is known for its price volatility, and while some see this as a risk, others view it as an opportunity. But what drives the ups and downs of the world’s most famous cryptocurrency? Understanding the main Bitcoin price drivers can help both beginners and experienced investors make more informed decisions. From macroeconomic forces to crypto-specific events, […]
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A colorful graphic featuring a mini dab rig on the left side, accompanied by bold text reading "MINI DAB RIGS OVER FULL SIZE OPTIONS" on the right, set against an abstract green and blue background.
Health April 27, 2025

Why First-Time Buyers Keep Choosing Mini Dab Rigs Over Full-Size Options

The cannabis accessory space is changing quickly, with new users driving demand for gear that’s simple, portable, and budget-friendly. One clear trend is emerging: more first-time buyers are gravitating toward compact setups instead of traditional full-size rigs. For those just getting started, a mini dab rig offers the right mix of ease and efficiency. Tucked […]
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OSI Model
CCNA April 27, 2025

OSI Model, including its 7 Layer Introduction

As the importance of computers grows, vendors recognize the need for networking with them. They produced a variety of protocols whose specifications were not made public. Hence, each vendor had different ways of networking computers, and these ways were not compatible with each other. This means that the computers of one vendor could not be […]
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Illustration of different types of network connecting devices worldwide.
CCNA April 27, 2025

Networking Essentials: Spotlight on the 6 Types of Network

We can characterize 6 types of networks with the size of the area covered, the number of users connected, the number and types of services available, and the area of responsibility. The most important and famous kinds of networks are: Local Area Network (LAN) It is the first and most important part of networks. It […]
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What is a Network? Network diagram showing multiple hosts connected through hubs and switches.
CCNA April 26, 2025

What is a Network? – Exclusive Definitions

Before starting Cisco Internetworking, the network introduction is important for the networking student to be aware of “what a network is” and “what network is importance themselves”. So, first of all, what is a network? In simple words, It is a collection of interconnected devices (such as computers, printers, etc.) in such a way that they […]
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Comparison of a Cisco switch and router side by side.
CCNA April 25, 2025

Comparing Switch and Router: A Comprehensive Guide

The Switch and Router comparison is most important because both are the backbone devices in computer networking. So, I am comparing Switches and Routers for networking students. If someone understands the Switch and Router comparison, he can easily manage a network. Definition of Router A router is a Layer 3 (Network Layer) device that forwards data packets between distinct […]
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component
CCNA April 25, 2025

3 Basic Network Component – Exclusive explanation

Any network infrastructure contains three components: devices, Media, and Services. Moving data from source to destination can be as simple as connecting one device to another. Note:- At the end of this article, the assessment test is waiting for you about the Basic network Components Devices and media are the physical network components, also known […]
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viruses
Cyber Security April 25, 2025

20 Most Destructive Viruses History in the World

A computer virus is a program, script, or macro created to harm a computer, steal private information, change data, send e-mail, and display messages. More importantly, when the viruses were executed, they spread bycopying itself into or over the following:- Virus writers use detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to gain access to a host’s computer. When was the […]
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