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network address classes

IPv4 Classful Network Exclusive Explanation

IPv4 Classful Network Exclusive Explanation

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A classful network is a network addressing architecture used in networks since 1981. RFC 790 and 791, released in 1981, describe how IPv4 network addresses were primarily allocated based on a classification system. The authors of IPv4 addresses set up three classes of network addresses: class A, B, and C for different network sizes.

Classful network addresses are defined with a specific format for the high-order bits (HOB). High-order bits (HOB) are the most significant bits in a 32-bit address. Classful network addresses remained in use until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing in 1993. The method divides the IP address space for IPv4 into five address classes based on the leading four address bits.

Class A Network

The high-order bit for Class A addresses is 0. Large organizations use this class. The address range starts from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255. The 0.0.0.0 address is reserved for default routing, and the 127.0.0.0 address is reserved for loopback testing.

Class B Network

The high-order bits for Class B Network addresses are 10. Medium-to-large organizations use this class. The range of Class B addresses is 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255.

Class C Network

The High Order Bit for Class C Network addresses is 110. Small-to-medium organizations use this class. The address range starts from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255.

Class D Network

The High Order Bits for Class D addresses are 1110. This class is used for multicasting. Multicasting is a technique for finding a group of hosts that are part of a multicast group. The Range starts from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

Class E Network

The High Order Bits for Class E addresses are 1111. Class E address is also Reserved for experimental and future use. The range starts from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. The address 255.255.255.255 is reserved for switch broadcasting.

High Order Bit (HOB)

The most significant bit (MSB), also known as the high–order bit, is the bit position in a binary number having the greatest value. It is the left-most bit due to the convention in positional notation of writing more significant digits further to the left. The table below illustrates the High-Order bit.

Classful Network Subnet Masks

The RFC 790 also define the default subnet mask for each network class.

Class A Address Subnet Mask

The classful network of class A used the first octet to identify the network portion of the address. The default subnet mask of Class A is 255.0.0.0. The first bit of Class A address from 0.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0 is always 0; only 7 bits were left in the first octet. So, this made 2 to the 7th power or 128 networks. However, two networks, 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.0, are reserved for default route and loopback testing.

So, the actual number of networks for Class A is 126 (1-126) networks. The remaining 24 bits use the host in the host portion, so each class A address had the potential for over 16 million individual host addresses. The host portion must be 0, and the network portion must be 1s in the subnet mask. The figure below illustrates the Class A address default subnet mask.

Class B Address Subnet Mask

The Classful Class B networks used the first two octets to identify the network portion of the network address. The first two bits of the first octet, 10, define the network class, so 14 bits in the first two octets define the number of networks. The number of the network in a class B network is 2 the power of 14th, meaning 16,384 class B network addresses.

The 3rd and 4th octet is for the host, so each class B classful network address contains 16 bits in the host portion, meaning the number of hosts per subnetwork of Class B is 2, the power of 16th, the resulting host per classful network is 65536. The figure below illustrates the subnet mask of the Class B Address.

Class C Address Subnet Mask

The class “C” Classful networks used the first three octets to identify the network portion of the network address. The first three bits, 110, recognized the network class, and the remaining 21 bits for assigning networks for over 2 million class C networks. So, for each class C network, only 8 bits stay in the host portion. The 8 bits mean 254 possible host addresses in each Class C network. The figure below illustrates the Class C network subnet mask.

Classful Routing Protocol

The specific default subnet masks to each class made routing update messages smaller because the Classful routing protocol does not include the subnet mask information in their updates. So, the receiving router applies the default mask based on the value of the first octet or, more accurately, the first three bits of the address, which identifies the class.  Routing protocols, such as RIPv1, only need to transmit the network address of known routes.

It does not need the subnet mask in the routing update. The receiving router examines only the value of the first octet as the network address and determines the subnet mask or applies its ingress interface mask for subnetted routes.

Classful Network Addressing Waste

Classful network addresses waste a vast amount of address space. At the beginning of the Internet, organizations were assigned an entire classful network address from the A, B, or C class, resulting in IP address waste. So, allocating IP addresses in classful network addressing is very inefficient.

Class A addresses had 50% of the total IP addresses. However, it has only 126 networks, so it can be assigned to 126 organizations. The class A network uses 24 bits in the host portion, so we can calculate the IP address of each network, which is 224-2 = 16777214 addresses.

Classless addresses reduce this waste of gigantic IP addresses, but some companies and governmental organizations still have class A addresses. For example, General Electric has 3.0.0.0/8, Apple owns 17.0.0.0/8, and the U.S. Postal Service owns the 56.0.0.0/8 network.

Class B had 25% of the total address space. It has 16,384 networks, so 16384 organizations can get and use class B network addresses. A network uses 24 bits in the host portion, so we can calculate the IP address of each network, which is 216-2 = 65534 host addresses.

Class C had 12.5 % of the total address space. A network uses 8 bits in the host portion, so we can calculate the IP address of each network which is  28-2 = 54 host addresses. A small organization can get and use class C networks, but the total number of hosts is often limited in the class C networks. Classes D and E are used for multicasting and reserved addresses. It had 12.5 % of the address space. The pie chart illustrates the address space in different classes.

classful network addresses

The chart below illustrates the total network, host per network and maximum hosts in Class A, B, and C.

classful network addresses
IP address Classes- Exclusive Explanation

IP address Classes- Exclusive Explanation

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The IP address is an identifying number for network devices. It is similar to a home or business address supplying that specific physical location with a particular address—devices on a network differentiated from one another through IP addresses.

An IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network, like the Internet. There are two primary standards for IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. In this article, I will discuss the IPv4 address. The IPv6 address will be discussed in later articles.

IPv4 Addressing

IPv4 is the fourth revision of IP and a widely used protocol for data communication over various networks. It is defined and specified in IETF publication RCF 791. A connectionless protocol provides logical connections between network devices and unique identification for each device.

Depending on the network type, we can configure the IPv4 addresses on the network devices manually or automatically. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet communication in five IP address classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

Address Architecture

TCP/IP was introduced in the 1980s. At that time, the Internet used a two-level addressing scheme, which offered sufficient scalability. The 32-bit-long IPv4 address identifies a network and a host number, with 16 bits reserved for the network and 16 for host identification. The figure below illustrates the 32-bit address architecture in the 1980s.

The current IPv4 address is also 32-bit long and contains two portions: a network and host portions. The network portion identifies the host’s network, and the host portion shows the number of the host in the network. The host portion identifies the device or the host. The router uses the network portion of the IP addresses to make routing decisions and to facilitate communication between hosts that belong to different networks. Like routers and computers, humans can’t work with strings of 32 bits (1s and 0s).

Therefore, we express the 32-bit IP address in dotted-decimal notation, as we know that 32-bit addresses are further divided into four groups of eight, called octets. An octet ranges from 000000000 to 11111111. Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by decimal points or dots. The range of each octet in decimal is from 0 to 255.

For example, 10.10.10.1, 172.16.16.254 and 192.168.0.254 are IP addresses expressed in dotted decimal notations. If we can convert these addresses to binary. For example, the binary of the above addresses is 00001010. 00001010. 00001010.00000001, 10101100. 00010000.00010000. 11111110, 11000000. 10101000.00000000.11111110.

IP Address Classes

At the start of TCP/IP, the IP address classes define the network and host portions. IPv4 addresses are divided into five different IP address classes. The first few bits of the first octet determine the IP address class. These bits are known as high-order bits (HOB). Although the IP address classes can still be applied to IP addresses, networks today often ignore the class rules in favor of a classless IP scheme. The five IP address classes are A, B, C, D, and E.

Classes A, B, and C have different bit lengths for addressing the network host. Class D addresses are reserved for multicasting, while Class E addresses are reserved for future use. Depending on the address class, each of the four octets of an IP address represents the network portion of the host portion. The figure below illustrates the network and host portions of the respective Class A, B, C, and D addresses.

IP address Classes

The first three IP address classes, A, B, and C, host addresses in any IP network. However, the Class D addresses are used for multicasting. Class E addresses are reserved for experiments in labs and medical equipment and are not shown in the above figure.

It is not easy to identify the network and host portions of any dotted-decimal IP address because IP addresses are not actually four numbers. They contain 32 different numbers or 32 bits (0 or 1s). The figure below illustrates all the important figures of IP address classes.

IP address Classes

Class A

The most significant bit of the class A network is 0, also known as the high-order bit(HOB). The remaining seven bits in the first octet define the number of networks in class A addresses, and the three octets (24 bits) define the total number of IP addresses available in the class. The figure below illustrates Class A’s address bit distribution.

If the first bit of an IP address’s first octet is binary 0, the address is a Class A address. With the first bit being 0, the lowest number is 00000000 (decimal 0), and the highest number is 01111111 (decimal 127). Any address that starts with a value between 0 and 127 in the first octet is a Class A address. The numbers 0 and 127 are reserved and cannot be used as a network address.

Class A network can accommodate a very large number of hosts because only the first octet is reserved for the network number. The three octets, or 24 bits, are reserved for the host portion of the network. Each network of this class supports a maximum of 16,777,214 (2 24 -2) hosts per network. Figure two is subtracted because the first and last addresses are reserved as network IDs and broadcast IPs. The lowest address is 24, 0s in the host portion, and the highest is 24, 1s in the host portion.

The routing table uses network ID for the routing table. So, an address with all 0s in the host portion cannot be used with the individual host. For example, 10.0.0.0 is a Class A Address containing all 0s in the host portion. So it is network identification and cannot be configured on network hosts and devices.

Every network also requires a broadcast address, which can be used to send a message to each host on the network. This address has all 1s on the host portion. For example, a broadcast address for network 10.0.0.0 would be 10.255.255.255.

The total number of networks in Class A is 126. Each of the 126 Class A networks has almost 17 million host addresses, which make up 50 % of the entire IPv4 address space. The 0.0.0.0 address is also reserved for the default route. 127.0.0.0 is reserved for the local loopback address, which is why the Class A network range is from 1 to 126, and Class B addresses start from the address of 128.0.0.0.

A Class A network provides many possibilities for any organization or company. It is a huge global network with many hosts, and the hosts in such a network do not function as members of the same logical group.

Class A addresses creating a large broadcast domain, but network administrators need smaller logical groupings to control broadcasts, apply policies, and troubleshoot problems. This is possible by applying a subnet mask, which allows subnetting.

Subnetting breaks a large block of addresses into smaller groups called subnetworks. It avoids the waste of IP addresses and is also helpful for better efficiency. The default subnet mask for a class A IP address is 255.0.0.0. The private IP address range for class A is 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.

Class B

The high-order bit of class B addresses starts with a binary 10 in the first 2 bits of the first octet. So, the lowest number of class B addresses is 10000000 (decimal 128), and the highest is 10111111 (decimal 191). So, any IP address starts with a range between 128 – 191, and the first octet is a class B IP address. Class B network can provide addressing scheme to medium-size networks.

In Class B, the first two octets represent the network, and the other two represent the address’s host portion. So class B has 16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534 (216-2) Host addresses. So, each Class B network can support up to 65,534 hosts. The Class B network is much smaller than the networks of Class A. Just like Class A networks, we can subnet the Class B network to improve network efficiency. The figure below illustrates the 32-bit distribution of the Class B network.

The first octet of a Class B address has 64 possibilities ranging from 128 to 191. The second octet has 256 possibilities ranging from 0 to 255. That gives 16,384 networks. We can multiply 64 by 256 to get the total possible network in Class B. The default subnet mask for Class B IP addresses is 255.255.0.0. Class B addresses also have a private IP address range from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255.

Class C

The high-order bits of class C address are binary 110. So, the lowest number that starts with binary 110 is 11000000 (Decimal 192), and the highest number that begins with binary 110 is 11011111 (Decimal 223). So, the class C range is from 192 to 223 in the first octet.

Class C addresses were initially planned for a small network. The first three octets of a Class C address represent the network portion of the IP address, and the fourth octet represents the host portion. The figure below illustrates the distribution of Class C address bits.

As we learn, the first 3 bits of a Class C address are always 110, So 21 bits are left in the network portion of the address, which results in 221 or 2,097,152 Class C networks. Each network contains 254 (28 -2) hosts each. The first and last addresses are reserved for network identification and broadcasting. The default subnet mask for class C IP addresses is 255.255.255.0. Class C addresses are also a private IP address range starting from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Class D

The high-order bit of a Class D address is 1110 in the first octet. So, the lowest number starting with 1110 is binary 11100000 (Decimal 224), and the highest is 11101111 (Decimal 239). So, the range of Class D addresses is 224 to 239 in the first octet. Class D addresses are not used with individual hosts; they can be used with hosts called a host group or multicast group.

It is used when a single message requires sending to many selected recipients, known as multicast or multicasting. Multicast is different from broadcast. Every device on a logical network must process a broadcast, whereas only devices configured to listen for a Class D address receive a multicast.

Class E

The high-order bits of a class E IP address begin with 1111. The range of this class starts with 11110000 (decimal 240) and ends with 11111111 (decimal 255). So, the range of class E is from 240 to 255 in the first octet. Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes.