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Master How to Configure Spanning-Tree Mode – Rapid PVST+ (Updated 2025)

As a cornerstone of Layer 2 redundancy in Cisco networks, Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (Rapid PVST+) is essential for CCNA 200-301 exam candidates and CCNP ENCOR professionals alike. This guide walks you through configuration, labs, troubleshooting, and best practices to master “how to configure Rapid PVST+ on Cisco Catalyst switch CCNA lab” scenarios. Whether […]

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Network Redundancy Revolutionized: Achieve 99.999% Uptime

Network redundancy ensures high availability and reliability in modern networks by providing alternate paths for data transmission, allowing seamless failover if a link or device fails. In CCNA/CCNP contexts, it shares traffic loads, boosts capacity, and employs protocols like Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) for Layer 2 loop prevention, or First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP) like

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Introduction to Port Forwarding including Its Configuration – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)

Port forwarding is a critical networking technique that allows external devices to access services on a private network by directing traffic from a public IP address and port to a specific internal IP and port. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding port forwarding is essential for configuring routers, securing networks, and enabling services like web

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What Is Social Engineering in Cybersecurity? Types, Examples, and Prevention Strategies (2025 Guide)

Social engineering remains one of the most effective tactics in a cybercriminal’s arsenal, accounting for 36% of initial access vectors in incident response cases between May 2024 and May 2025. It’s a psychological manipulation technique where attackers exploit human behavior to gain unauthorized access to information, systems, or physical locations—without relying on code or exploits.

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Browser Plugins and Poisoning: Risks, Exploits, and Defenses in Cybersecurity

Security backdoors and vulnerabilities can severely impact web browsers, leading to unwanted pop-up ads, collection of personal data, or installation of adware, viruses, or spyware. Cybercriminals often target a browser’s executable files, core components, and browser plugins to gain unauthorized access. Browser Plugins A browser plugin (now often called an extension or add-on in modern

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Vishing, Smishing, Pharming, and Whaling in Cybersecurity: Definitions, Examples, and Prevention Tips

In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, social engineering attacks like vishing, smishing, pharming, and whaling continue to exploit human vulnerabilities alongside network weaknesses. According to the 2025 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, phishing variants account for over 30% of breaches, with vishing and smishing rising due to mobile and VoIP adoption. As a network engineer,

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Understanding Spyware, Adware, and Scareware: A Cybersecurity Guide for Enthusiasts

In the previous article, I discussed malware, including its types: viruses, worms, ransomware, Trojan horses, logic bombs, back doors, and rootkits. This article dives deeper into additional malware types—spyware, adware, and scareware—focusing on their mechanics, network implications, and real-world impacts. As a network engineer with years of experience in cybersecurity, I’ll emphasize how these threats

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Identifying Spam Mail: A Comprehensive Cybersecurity Guide for 2025

Email remains a universal service for billions worldwide, serving as one of the most popular communication tools. However, its widespread use comes with significant vulnerabilities, making it a prime target for cybercriminals. These unsolicited messages, commonly known as “junk mail” or spam, are predominantly sent by advertisers or malicious actors. Criminals exploit spam to distribute

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Cyber Security Threats and Defenses: A Comprehensive Guide for 2025

Cyber security threats are a growing concern worldwide, escalating with AI and ransomware in 2025. Individuals and organizations rely on networks, making intrusions devastating. Computer networks are necessary for everyday activities, and both individuals and organizations depend on their computers and networks. Intrusion to these computers by an illegal person can result in a network

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