multicast address range

I have already written about IPv6 multicast addresses in my previous article. IPv6 multicast addresses work similarly to IPv4 multicast addresses. IPv6-enabled devices can join and listen for multicast traffic on an IPv6 multicast address. Multicasting is one of the powerful features of IPv6 addresses, which enables one-to-many communication, optimizing bandwidth for applications like video streaming, IoT, and network discovery protocols.

This article provides a comprehensive guide to IPv6 multicast addresses, covering their structure, types, practical examples, and real-world use cases. Whether you’re a CCNA/CCNP candidate, a network engineer, or an enthusiast, this guide will help you with the knowledge to master IPv6 multicast. We’ll also include configuration snippets, diagrams, and a downloadable cheat sheet to enhance your learning.

What Are IPv6 Multicast Addresses?

Unlike unicast (one-to-one) or anycast (one-to-nearest) addresses, IPv6 multicast addresses enable a single packet to be sent to multiple recipients simultaneously. This is ideal for scenarios where data needs to reach a group of devices, such as video conferencing, software updates, or Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6.

IPv6 multicast addresses are identified by the prefix ff00::/8, meaning the first 8 bits are always 11111111 (FF in hexadecimal). This distinguishes them from unicast or anycast addresses. Multicast eliminates the need for redundant unicast transmissions, saving bandwidth and improving network efficiency. For example, a single multicast packet can deliver a live video stream to thousands of viewers, compared to thousands of unicast streams consuming excessive resources.

IPv6 Multicast Address Structure

The IPv6 multicast address is a 128-bit address divided into four key components, as shown in the diagram below:

The multicast address comprises an 8-bit address indicator, a 4-bit flag, a 4-bit scope, and 112-bit group ID fields. An IPv6 multicast address can identify multiple network interfaces. In IPv6 multicasting, IPv6 datagram packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address.  The details of the multicast address fields are as follows:-

1. 8-bit Prefix or 8-bit indicator: Always ff00::/8 (binary: 11111111), identifying the address as multicast.
2. 4-bit Flags: Indicates properties of the multicast address:
   • 0 (Reserved): Always 0.
   • R (Rendezvous Point): 1 if the address embeds a Rendezvous Point (RP) for inter-domain multicast (RFC 3956).
   • P (Prefix-based): 1 if the address is based on a unicast prefix (RFC 3306).
   • T (Transient): 1 for dynamically assigned addresses; 0 for well-known addresses assigned by IANA.
3. 4-bit Scope: Defines the address’s reach:
   • 1: Interface-local (e.g., loopback).
   • 2: Link-local (e.g., same subnet).
   • 5: Site-local.
   • 8: Organization-local.
   • E: Global.
4. 112-bit Group ID: This ID identifies the specific multicast group. For example, ff02::1 represents all nodes on a link.

This structure allows for flexible and scalable multicast communication, tailored to specific network scopes and applications.

Types of IPv6 Multicast Addresses

IPv6 multicast addresses are categorized into well-known and transient addresses, based on their assignment and usage.

Well-Known Multicast IPv6 Addresses

Well-known Multicast Addresses are predefined IP addresses assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for specific group communications in IP multicast networks. The typical is FF00::/8 for IPv6. These addresses are reserved for protocols like routing, discovery, and management. They also enable devices to join multicast groups without dynamic allocation, ensuring standardized communication.

We can send a single packet to one or more destinations using a multicast address. The multicast IPv6 address Prefix is FF00::/8. Multicast addresses can only be destination addresses. There are two types of IPv6 multicast addresses:

• Assigned multicast
• Solicited-node multicast

An assigned multicast address is a single address to reach a group of devices running a standard service. It is used in situations with specific protocols, such as DHCPv6.Two common IPv6-assigned multicast groups are the following:

Assigned Multicast IPv6 Addresses

Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses are specific addresses within the FF00::/8 range, reserved for multicast group communications in IPv6 networks. These addresses are used for standardized protocols like routing, device discovery, and network management.

All-nodes multicast group

All-nodes multicast groups can join all IPv6-enabled devices. The ff002::1 IPv6 address is reserved for this group. A packet sent to this group should be received and processed by all IPv6 interfaces. RA message to the all-nodes multicast group is an example of an All-nodes multicast group.

When an IPv6 router sends an Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) RA message to the all-nodes multicast group, it informs all IPv6-enabled devices on the network about the IPv6 prefix, prefix length, default gateway, and all other related information.

All-routers multicast group

All router multicast groups can join all routers in the local network segment. The IPv6 address FF02::2 is reserved for the all-routers multicast group.  A local router can join and become a member of the all-routers multicast group when it is enabled as an IPv6 router with the “ipv6 unicast-routing” command. The “ipv6 unicast-routing” is the command of Global Configuration Mode.

All IPv6-enabled routers on a local network can receive and process a packet sent to this group. IPv6-enabled devices send ICMPv6 Router Solicitation (RS) messages to an all-routers multicast address. The Router Solicitation (RS) message requests a Router Advertisement (RA) message from the IPv6 router to assist the device in its address configuration.

Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

A solicited-node multicast address is like an all-node multicast address. We can map the solicited-node multicast address to a particular Ethernet multicast address. This allows the Ethernet NIC to filter the frame by examining the destination MAC address without sending it to the IPv6 process to see if the device is the deliberate target of the IPv6 packet.

The Solicited-node multicast is a flooding optimization.  If sufficient information were already known to support unicast operation, then there would be no point. The solicited-node multicast is used when there is no information to support unicast operation. The solicited node allows the flooded traffic to reach all nodes like a broadcast.

Solicited-node multicast addresses can be created automatically using a special mapping of the device’s unicast address with the solicited-node multicast prefix, which is ff02:0:0:0:0:1:ff00::/104. It can be created automatically for every unicast address on a device.

How It Works

For every unicast address assigned to an interface, a device automatically joins a corresponding solicited-node multicast group. The address is calculated as follows:

• Prefix: ff02::1:ff00:0/104 (link-local scope).
• Last 24 bits: Copied from the unicast address’s last 24 bits.

For example:

• Unicast address: 2001:db8::1234:5678.
• Last 24 bits: 34:5678.
• Solicited-node address: ff02::1:ff34:5678.

When a device needs to resolve a neighbor’s MAC address, it sends a Neighbor Solicitation message to the solicited-node multicast address. Only devices subscribed to that group respond, reducing network overhead.

Example in Action

Suppose a router needs to resolve the MAC address for 2001:db8::a1b2:c3d4. It sends a Neighbor Solicitation to ff02::1:ffc3:d4. The target device responds with its MAC address via a Neighbor Advertisement, completing the resolution process.

Transient Multicast Addresses

Transient Multicast Addresses in IPv6 are multicast addresses that are not permanently assigned by IANA and are instead dynamically allocated for temporary or application-specific use. Unlike well-known multicast addresses (e.g., FF02::1), transient addresses are typically within the FF00::/8 range but outside the reserved scopes like FF02::/16 or FF05::/16. They are used by applications or services for short-term multicast groups, such as multimedia streaming or ad-hoc group communications. These addresses are often assigned via protocols like Multicast Address Dynamic Client Allocation Protocol (MADCAP) or through manual configuration, and they are released when no longer needed. IANA does not maintain a fixed registry for transient addresses, as their use is temporary and context-specific.

Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) is the IPv6 equivalent of IGMP in IPv4, enabling devices to join or leave multicast groups. MLD operates in two versions:

• MLDv1: Supports basic group membership (similar to IGMPv2). Devices send MLD Report messages to join groups like ff02::1.
• MLDv2: Adds support for source-specific multicast (SSM), allowing devices to specify which sources they want to receive data from (RFC 3810).

MLD uses link-local multicast addresses like ff02::16 (MLDv2 queriers) to manage group memberships. For example, a video streaming client might join ff05::1234 (site-local) to receive a multicast stream.

IPv6 Multicast vs. IPv4 Multicast

To understand IPv6 multicast’s advantages, let’s compare it with IPv4 multicast:

Feature	IPv4 Multicast	IPv6 Multicast
Address Range	224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255 (Class D)	ff00::/8
Address Structure	32 bits, no scope field	128 bits, with flags and scope fields
Address Resolution	Uses ARP (broadcast-based)	Uses solicited-node multicast (NDP)
Group Management	IGMP (v1, v2, v3)	MLD (v1, v2)
Scope Control	Limited (relies on TTL)	Explicit scope field (e.g., link-local, global)
Adoption	Declining (~59% IPv4 traffic, 2025)	Growing (~41% IPv6 traffic, 2025)

IPv6 multicast is more scalable, efficient, and flexible, thanks to its structured addressing and NDP integration.

Real-World Use Cases of IPv6 Multicast

IPv6 multicast addresses power a wide range of applications, from network protocols to modern technologies. Here are key use cases:

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP):

• Uses ff02::1 (all-nodes) and solicited-node addresses for address resolution, router discovery, and duplicate address detection.
• Example: A new device joins a network and sends a Router Solicitation to ff02::2 to find routers.

Video Conferencing and Streaming:

• Multicast delivers live streams to thousands of viewers, saving bandwidth. For example, a global stream might use ff0e::1234 (global scope).
• Catchpoint notes that multicast can save ~50 Mbps per HD video stream in teleconferencing.

Internet of Things (IoT):

• IoT devices use multicast for group communication, such as firmware updates to smart bulbs on ff05::abcd (site-local).
• Example: A smart home hub sends a single update packet to all devices in a multicast group.

Software Distribution:

• Enterprises use multicast to deploy updates to multiple servers simultaneously, using organization-local addresses like ff08::5678.

Inter-Domain Multicast:

• Embedded Rendezvous Point (RP) addresses (RFC 3956) enable multicast across domains, used in large-scale content delivery networks (CDNs).

Practical Example: Configuring IPv6 Multicast on a Cisco Router

To illustrate IPv6 multicast in action, let’s configure a Cisco router to ping the all-nodes multicast address (ff02::1) and verify connectivity.

Configuration Steps

Router> enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
Router(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8::1/64
Router(config-if)# ipv6 enable
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router# ping ff02::1

Output

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FF02::1, timeout is 2 seconds:

Reply to request 0 from 2001:DB8::2, 1 ms

Reply to request 0 from 2001:DB8::3, 1 ms

Reply to request 1 from 2001:DB8::2, 1 ms

...

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/1 ms

This confirms that all nodes on the link (e.g., 2001:db8::2, 2001:db8::3) received and responded to the multicast ping.

Wireshark Capture

To analyze multicast traffic, use Wireshark with the filter ipv6.dst == ff02::1. You’ll see ICMPv6 packets sent to the all-nodes address, demonstrating multicast’s efficiency.

Reserved IPv6 Multicast Addresses

Address	Description
ff02::1	All nodes on the local network
ff02::2	All routers on the local network
Ff02::4	The all-Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol address.
ff02::9	Routing Information Protocol (RIP) routers
ff02::a	EIGRP routers
ff02::d	Protocol Independent Multicast routers
ff02::e	Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
ff02::1:2	All Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol servers and relay agents on the local network site
ff02::1:3	Link-local multicast name resolution

Conclusion

IPv6 multicast addresses are a powerful tool for efficient, scalable communication in modern networks. By understanding their structure (ff00::/8, flags, scope, group ID), types (well-known, transient), and applications (NDP, streaming, IoT), you can leverage multicast to optimize network performance. Practical configurations, like pinging ff02::1 on a Cisco router, and tools like Wireshark deepen your expertise.