The ICC released its annual ranking report. Australia snatches first position from Pakistan in T20 rankings. Pakistan moves from first to fourth position
The ICC has released a new annual ranking that puts Australia at number one in the annual Test rankings. New Zealand came in second with 115 points, India are third with 114 points, England is fourth with 105 points, Sri Lanka is fifth, South Africa is sixth and Pakistan is seventh with 86 points. The West Indies is eighth, Afghanistan is ninth and Bangladesh is tenth.
In the annual ICC ODI rankings, England retains the number one position, followed by India at number two and New Zealand at number three, South Africa at number four, Australia at number five and Pakistan at number six.
In the annual T20 rankings, Australia has snatched the first position from Pakistan. And the national team has reached the fourth position. England is second, India is third and South Africa is fifth.
It should be noted that the national team had lost the T20 series to Sri Lanka and Australia last year.
جواب – توحید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے لغوی معنی ایک ماننا ، یکتا جاننا ہے۔ شریعت ۔ کے اصطلاح میں توحید سے مراد اللہ تعالیٰ کو ایک ماننا ،یکتا جاننا ہے
سوال – عقیدہ توحید کے بارے میں قرآن مجید کی کوئی سی ایک آیت کا ترجمہ بیان کریں
جواب – قران مجید کی آیت کا ترجمہ ہے کہ ” بے شک اللہ تعالیٰ چاہے تو تمام گناہ معف کردےگا مگر شرک کو معاف نہیں کرے گا۔ النساء 48
سوال – کائنات میں سے وجود باری تعالیٰ کی کوئی سی چار نشانیاں لکھیں
جواب – اگر کائنات پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو ہر شے اللہ تعالیٰ کی وحدانیت کی واضح دلیل ہے۔ اس کا نظم و ضبط، اس کی ترتیب، سورج اور چاند کا اپنے مدار میں گردش کرنا ، دن اور رات کا مقررہ وقت پر آنا جانا توحید باری تعالیٰ کی نشانیاں ہیں ۔
سوال – شرک کسے کہتے ہیں۔
جواب – شرک توحید کی ضد ہے۔ اس کے معنی حصہ داری اور ساجھے پن کے ہیں ۔ اسلامی اصطلاح میں اس سے مراد ہے اللہ تعالیٰ کی ذات ، صفات اور افعال میں کسی کو اس کا شریک ٹہرانا ہے۔
سوال – شرک کی مذمت کے بارے میں کسی ایک آیتِ مبارکہ کا ترجمہ تحریر کریں
١۔ عقیدہ توحید کی اہمیت قرآن و حدیث کی روشنی میں بیان کریں۔
جواب۔ عقیدہ توحید اسلام کا سب سے پہلا عقیدہ ہے۔ جو کہ دیگر تمام عقائد کی بنیاد ہے۔ تمام انبیاء کرامؐ نے عقیدہ توحید کی تعلیم دی ہے۔ قران پاک میں ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے
ترجمہ– “وہی اللہ ہے۔ جس کے سوا کوئی معبود نہیں غیب اور حاضرہر چیز کو جاننے والا ہے۔ وہ رحمٰن و رحیم ہے”۔
اگر کائنات پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو ہر شے اللہ تعالیٰ کی وحدانیت کی واضح دلیل ہے۔ اس کا نظم و ضبط ، اس کی ترتیب، سورج اور چاند کا اپنے مدار میں گردش کرنا، دن اور رات کا مقررہ وقت پر آنا جانا توحیدِ باری تعالیٰ کی نشانیاں ہیں۔ سورۃ الاحلاص میں واضح طور پر توحید کو بیان کیا گیا ہے۔
ترجمہ : ” کہہ دیجئے کہ اللہ ایک ہے۔ اللہ بے نیاز ہے۔ نہ اس کی کوئی اولاد ہے۔ نہ وہ کسی کی اولاد ہے۔ اور نہ کوئی اس کے برابر ہے “
٢۔ عقیدہ توحید کے تقاضے لکھے۔
جواب – توحید اللہ تعالیٰ سے محبت اور ایمان کی بنیاد ہے۔ اس کی تکمیل یہ ہے۔ کہ بندے کا ہر عمل اللہ تعالیٰ کی رضا کیلئے ہو جائے۔ کیونکہ جس سے محبت ہوتی ہے۔ اس کی خوشی کیلئے ہر ممکن کوشش کی جاتی ہے۔ لہٰذا ہمیں بھی عقیدہ توحید کے تقاضوں کو جاننا ضروری ہے۔ جن میں سے چند درج ذیل ہے۔
١۔ اللہ تعالیٰ کو تمام کائنات کا خالق و مالک مانا جائے
٢۔ اللہ تعالیٰ کی ذات و صفات میں کسی کو شریک نہ ٹھرایا جائے۔
٣۔ صرف اللہ تعالیٰ کی عبادت کی جائے۔
٤۔ تمام دُعائیں اللہ تعالیٰ سے مانگی جائیں۔
٥۔ ہر حال میں اللہ کا شکر ادا کیا جائے۔
٦۔ اللہ تعالیٰ پر بھروسہ و توکل کیا جائے۔
٣۔ عقیدہ توحید کی اثرات تحریر کریں۔
جواب۔ عقیدہ توحید پر عمل کرنے والے شخص پر مندرجہ ذیل اثرات مرتب ہوتے ہے۔
١۔ عقیدہ توحید انسان کو عزت نفس عطا کرتا ہے۔ یعنی مسلمان اللہ تعالیٰ کے سوا کسی کےآگے نہیں جھکتا۔
٢۔ عقیدہ توحید انسان میں عاجزی پیدا کرتا ہے۔ کیونکہ اسے یقین ہوتا ہے۔ کہ جو کچھ ہمارے پاس ہے۔ وہ اللہ تعالیٰ کا دیا ہوا ہے۔
٣۔ اللہ تعالیٰ پر مکمل ایمان رکھنے سے بہادری و شجاعت جیسے اوصاف پیدا ہو جاتے ہیں۔
٤۔ انسان قلبی اطمینان و سکون حاصل ہو جاتا ہے۔
٥۔ یہ عقیدہ انسان کو نیکی کی راہ پر چلاتا ہے۔ اور برائی سے بچاتا ہے۔
٦۔ انسان میں صبر و شکر جیسے اوصاف پیدا ہو جاتے ہیں۔
٧۔ انسان تقویٰ اور گناہوں سے بچنے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔
سوال نمبر 1 – درست جواب کا انتحاب کریں اور سوال نمبر2 – مناسب لفظ لگا کر خالی جگہ پر کریں
A layered architecture is a logical model that aids communication between interconnecting layers. We can map the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) layer model with the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. Both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and OSI models share the same physical layer although the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) distributes the functions of Link Control Protocol (LCP) and Network Control Protocol (NCP) differently.
We can configure various interfaces at the physical layer, including Asynchronous serial, Synchronous serial, HSSI, and ISDN. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) operates across any DTE/DCE interface including RS-232, RS-422, RS423 or V.35. The figure below illustrates the layered model of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). LCP and NCP primarily work in the data-link layer and network layer. The LCP sets up the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connection, including connection parameters. It is also responsible for connection termination. The NCPs handle higher-layer protocol configurations.
Visual representation of PPP components, including encapsulation, link control, and network control protocols.
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
The Link Control Protocol (LCP) establishes, configures, and tests data-link connections. PPP sends and receive LCP packet before establishing communications over a point-to-point link. The LCP packet may be accepted or rejected based on a linked peer, packet size and other configurations. The LCP packet checks the identity of its linked peer, sets the packet size limits, and also check sfor common configuration errors. Once the LCP packet accepts the link, traffic can be forwarded on the network. If the LCP packet found the link is not working correctly, it terminates the link. The LCP packet has three different types.
Link configuration packets
Link termination packets
Link maintenance packets
The LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end. The LCP also negotiates and sets up control options on the WAN data link, which are handled by the NCPs. When the link is established, PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on encapsulation formats such as authentication, compression, and error detection.
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
Network Control Protocol (NCP) was an early protocol implemented by ARPANET. The ARPANET is the world’s first operational packet-switching network that later evolved into what became the Internet. Network Control Protocol (NCP) is the part of Point − to − Point Protocol (PPP). It is a data link layer protocol used for transmitting multi-protocol data between two point-to-point devices. PPP uses a separate NCP for each network layer protocol. For example, IPv6 uses the IPv6 Control Protocol (IPv6CP) and IPv4 uses IPv4 Control Protocol (IPCP). Each NCP manages the particular needs required by its relevant network-layer protocols. Different components of NCP encapsulate and negotiate options for multiple network-layer protocols.
NCP allowed access and use to remote devices at remote locations and to transmit files between devices and computers. NCP is part of the protocol stack and enables application services such as email and file transfer. TCP/IP was replaced by NCP in the 1980s.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Frame
PPP is a byte-oriented protocol. A PPP frame contains six fields. Each PPP frame is composed of one or more bytes. The fields of a PPP frame are illustrated in the figure below:-
Flag – Flag field marks the beginning and the end of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frame. It flags the standard HDLC field containing 8 bits. The bits pattern of the flag field is 01111110.
Address – It is a bit field that contains the binary sequence. In case of broadcast, the sequence is set to 11111111, PPP does not assign individual station addresses.
Control – This is a one-byte long field with the binary sequence 00000011. The value 00000011 shows that the frame does not contain any sequence numbers. It provides a connectionless link service for a point-to-point link. So, for PPP, the Address field is set to 0xFF, the broadcast address. If both Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) peers agree to do address and control field compression during the LCP negotiation, the Address field is not included.
Protocol – The protocol field is either one bit or two bits long and identifies the protocol encapsulated in the information field of the frame. If the field is 2-byte, the field specifies the protocol of the PPP payload. If both PPP peers agree for the compression of the protocol field during LCP negotiation, the Protocol field is reduced to one byte for the protocol identification. The up-to-date values of the Protocol field are specified in the most recent Assigned Numbers Request For Comments (RFC).
Data/Payload – Data field is variable in length. It specifies the kind of packet in the data field, i.e., what is being carried in it. The data field can contain user data or other information. If the length is not negotiated using LCP during line setup, a default length of 1500 bytes is used.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) – FSC stands for Frame Check Sequence. It is a 2-byte or 4-byte frame check sequence for error detection. The 2-byte frame is standard; however, LCPs can negotiate modifications to the standard PPP frame structure.
FAQs
What is Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)?
PPP is a data link layer protocol used to establish a direct connection between two networking nodes.
What are the main components of PPP?
The main components of PPP include encapsulation, link control protocol (LCP), and network control protocols (NCPs).
How does PPP ensure secure communication?
PPP uses authentication protocols like Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) to ensure secure communication.
What is the role of the Link Control Protocol (LCP) in PPP?
LCP is responsible for establishing, configuring, testing, maintaining, and terminating links for transmission.
Can PPP support multiple network layer protocols?
Yes, PPP can support multiple network layer protocols by using different Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for each protocol.
I hope this covers everything! If there’s anything more you need, feel free to let me know.
Pakistan cricket team players Roman Raees and Test team Captain Azhar Ali have announced to auction their shirts and deposit the money in the Corona Fund.
Pakistan cricket team all-rounder Roman Raees auctioned cricket kits and bats last week to help Corona victims.
He put on auction the cape worn during his debut in the Champions Trophy, his Pakistan cricket team shirt and Islamabad United shirt and bat.
From the auction of all these equipments, Roman collected more than 900,000 rupees, which he will distribute to the poor during Ramadan for Sehri and Iftar.
My Pakistan shirt was auctioned for 165,000 PKR, many thanks to the every generous @AliNaqvi808 Bhai. A total of 1.2million PKR is raised from these auctions which will be used to help the needy during holy month of Ramazan. Thanks to all of you for wonderful support. pic.twitter.com/yu0jXBweBq
After Roman Raees, Pakistan Test cricket team Captain Azhar Ali also announced to auction his shirt and bat.
In his video message, Azhar Ali said that the bat i scored a triple century against the West Indies in 2017 and the winner shirt of the Champions Trophy would be put up for auction.
He has set a bid of Rs 10 lakh for both the items.The auction process has started and it will continue till May 5. Azhar Ali has also given a WhatsApp number for bidding. Besides, bidding can also be done on Twitter.
Azhar Ali said that the money would be used to help the deserving people in the lockdown of Corona virus.There are a lot of memories of my career associated with this bat and shirt, these two things are very important to me,But I try to raise as much money as possible to help the victims.
It should be noted that Captain Azhar Ali had also deposited Rs 1 million in the Corona Relief Fund set up by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Apart from this, his share was also included in the amount deposited by the Pakistan Cricket Board.
