Hosts at the access layer of a hierarchical network take advantage of the alternate default gateways. If a gateway (router interface) fails, the hosts configured with that gateway are cut off from outside networks. A method is needed to provide alternate default gateways in switched networks where two or more routers are connected to the… Read more
Default Gateway Limitations: Impact on Connectivity and Performance Read More »
Each VLAN in the network requires a unique IP subnet because two devices in the same VLAN with different subnet addresses cannot communicate. This is a common problem during VLAN configuration, and we can solve it by identifying the incorrect IP address configuration and changing the address to the correct one. For example, if you
Master SVI and VLAN Addressing Issues (Updated 2025) Read More »
In computer networking, every device—a laptop, server, or router—must decide how to forward data packets to their destinations. While routers specialize in forwarding traffic across networks, hosts (end devices like PCs) also make critical forwarding decisions using subnetting, routing tables, and protocols like ARP or IPv6 NDP. This article demystifies how hosts and routers make forwarding decisions, with
Host Forwarding Decisions: A Complete Guide to Packet Routing Read More »