Year: 2019

Orange blocks spelling Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) on a gradient brown background.
CCNA July 12, 2019

Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP)- The Ultimate Guide for Network Success with ICMPv4 Debug Simulator in 2025

The Internet Control Messaging Protocol (ICMP) is a critical network layer protocol within the TCP/IP suite, enabling error reporting and diagnostics for IPv4 and IPv6. An Internet Protocol (IP) is unreliable because it does not provide messages to be sent in the event of specific errors. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) services send messages...
Asad Ijaz Read More
Hand pointing to IPv6 diagram with OUI, Device ID, FFFE, and Interface ID elements on a screen.
CCNA July 12, 2019

EUI-64 Process and Randomly Generated IPv6- Easy to understand Guide

After a client receives a Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) message, often via a stateless Router Advertisement (RA), it must generate its Interface ID. Unlike stateful DHCPv6, SLAAC provides the prefix portion (typically /64) from the RA, while the client autonomously creates the 64-bit Interface ID. This ID can be derived from the MAC address using...
Asad Ijaz Read More
The image compares Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast communication methods. It features a dark background on the left with the title "Unicast vs Multicast vs Broadcast" written in white. On the right, three diagrams visually represent each communication type. The top diagram shows Unicast, where a single source establishes individual connections to multiple destinations. The middle diagram illustrates Multicast, where one source sends data to selected destinations via a network. The bottom diagram depicts Broadcast, demonstrating a single source transmitting data to all destinations within the network. The NetworkNutsad logo is visible in the bottom left corner.
CCNA June 27, 2019

Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Communication

By the end of 2025, global internet traffic is projected to exceed 181 zettabytes, driven by video streaming, IoT devices, and 5G connectivity. Efficient data transmission methods like unicast, multicast, and broadcast are critical to managing this surge. This article breaks down these three communication types, their technical workings, modern applications, and emerging trends shaping networks today. This article,...
Mudassir K Read More
Visual breakdown of IP address components: Network Prefix, Network ID, Broadcast ID, and Host Address explained with examples.
CCNA June 25, 2019

Mastering Host Address, Network Prefix, Network ID, and Broadcast ID in 2025

This article, “Mastering Prefix, Network ID, Broadcast ID, and Host Address” is the continuation of my previous articles about the IP address, which are the following: IP address Classes- Exclusive Explanation Positional Number System and Examples (Updated 2025) Network and Host Portion of IPv4 Address So, you need to study the above article to understand...
Asad Ijaz Read More
Visual diagram comparing decimal, binary, and hexadecimal positional number systems with place value examples.
CCNA June 19, 2019

Positional Number System and Examples (Updated 2025)

In a positional number system, each symbol represents a different value depending on the position it occupies in a number, and each system has a value that relates to the number directly next to it. The total value of a positional number is the total of the resultant value of all positions. The decimal number...
Asad Ijaz Read More
A table showing IP address classes with details for CCNA and networking students.
CCNA June 18, 2019

Mastering IPv4 Address Classes with Confidence: 2025 Guide

The IPv4 address is an identifying number for network devices. It is similar to a home or business address, which supplies that specific physical location with a particular address. Devices on a network are differentiated from one another through IPv4 addresses. In 2025, understanding IPv4 addressing is critical for CCNA preparation and managing networks with...
Asad Ijaz Read More
Cisco Router Interface Configuration : Close-up of a Cisco router with Ethernet interfaces, connected cables, and CLI interface configuration commands on a monitor.
CCNA June 17, 2019

Cisco Router Interface Configuration: CLI Guide, IPv6 Setup & Troubleshooting (2025 Update)

Properly configuring Cisco router interfaces is critical for network performance, security, and scalability. Whether you’re setting up an essential LAN connection or advanced IPv6 routing, this guide covers CLI commands, real-world labs, and troubleshooting tips updated for Cisco IOS XE 2024. We can categorize Cisco Interfaces Physical Interfaces: GigabitEthernet, Serial, FastEthernet, etc. Logical Interfaces: Loopback,...
Asad Ijaz Read More
Cisco IOS configuration modes CLI example: Privileged EXEC to Global Configuration Mode transition.
CCNA June 13, 2019

Cisco IOS Command Modes Explained: User EXEC, Privileged EXEC, and Global Configuration Modes (2024 Guide)

Introduction – Cisco IOS Command Modes Cisco IOS devices use hierarchical command modes to control access and prevent accidental misconfigurations. Whether you’re managing a router, switch, or preparing for the CCNA exam, understanding these modes is critical: In addition, the Global configuration mode contains sub-configuration Modes. The figure below illustrates the Cisco IOS sub-configuration modes,...
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