Tag: network topology
CCNA January 5, 2020

Mastering EIGRP Router ID Configuration

EIGRP router ID is a 32-bit unique identifier identifying the router in the EIGRP domain. The router ID (RID) is represented in the same way as the IPv4 address. The router ID is used both in EIGRP and OSPF, while the role of the router ID is more significant in OSPF. EIGRP automatically selects the […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Understanding default gateway limitations in computer networks
CCNA November 1, 2019

Default Gateway Limitations: Impact on Connectivity and Performance

Hosts at the access layer of a hierarchical network take advantage of the alternate default gateways. If a gateway (router interface) fails, the hosts configured with that gateway are cut off from outside networks. A method is needed to provide alternate default gateways in switched networks where two or more routers are connected to the […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
CCNA October 30, 2019

How to Configure Spanning-Tree Mode – Rapid PVST+

The default configuration of the spanning-tree protocol (STP) on a Catalyst 2960 Series switch is PVST+. A Catalyst 2960 series switches support PVST+, Rapid PVST+, and MST, but only one version can be active for all VLANs. Rapid PVST+ is the Cisco execution of RSTP supporting RSTP on a per-VLAN basis. We can control the […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Network switches exchanging BPDUs
CCNA October 22, 2019

802.1D Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) Frame Format

The spanning tree algorithm exchanges the Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) to elect the Root Bridge. It is a frame containing 12 different fields with different information. The information in the BPDU is used to determine the root bridge and the paths to the root bridge. The figure below illustrates the Bridge Protocol Data Unit […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Network diagram with switches, root bridge priority settings, and STP port roles (root, designated, blocked) labeled for clarity.
CCNA October 18, 2019

Spanning Tree – Root Bridge

Every spanning tree switched network or broadcast domain has a switch designated as the root bridge. It serves as the reference point for all spanning-tree-enabled switches. The spanning tree algorithm determines which redundant paths to block. It is selected as an election process. The figure below illustrates the bridge ID (BID) fields. BID is a […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Pie chart showing Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM) with eight equal subnets labeled Net-0 to Net-7 in blue gradients
CCNA August 27, 2019

Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM) Exclusive Explanation

Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM), also known as traditional or classful subnetting, is a foundational concept in IP addressing that CCNA students must master before advancing to more efficient techniques like VLSM in CCNP. In FLSM, an equal number of addresses is allocated to each subnet using a uniform mask length, which simplifies routing in internal […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Diagram of Router1 with directly connected static IPv6 route and routing table
CCNA August 27, 2019

Configure a Directly Connected Static IPv6 Route

The directly connected static IPv6 route is the best routing solution when CEF is not working on the router. In the old Cisco IOs before 12.0 versions, this is the best solution to avoid recursive routing. It is also the best in point-to-point networks. It is also the best alternative to using the next-hop IPv6 […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
CCNA August 24, 2019

Master How to configure Static Route – IPv4 and IPv6 (Updated 2025)

We can configure static or dynamic routes after configuring directly connected interfaces. Static routes are manually configured and provide a clear path between two networking devices. However, they must be manually reconfigured if the network topology changes, which is the main disadvantage of static routes. It is more secure and efficient than dynamic routes. It […]
Asad Ijaz Read More
Forum