Asad Ijaz
NetworkUstad's lead networking architect with CCIE certification. Specializes in CCNA exam preparation and enterprise network design. Authored 2,800+ technical guides on Cisco systems, BGP routing, and network security protocols since 2018. Picture this: I'm not just someone who writes about tech; I'm a certified expert in the field. I proudly hold the titles of Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). So, when I talk about networking, I'm not just whistling in the dark; I know my stuff! My website is like a treasure trove of knowledge. You'll find a plethora of articles and tutorials covering a wide range of topics related to networking and cybersecurity. It's not just a website; it's a learning hub for anyone who's eager to dive into the world of bits, bytes, and secure connections. And here's a fun fact: I'm not a lone wolf in this journey. I'm a proud member and Editor of Team NetworkUstad. Together, we're on a mission to empower people with the knowledge they need to navigate the digital landscape safely and effectively. So, if you're ready to embark on a tech-savvy adventure, stick around with me, Asad Ijaz Khattak. We're going to unravel the mysteries of technology, one article at a time!"
What is Frame Relay? Exclusive Introduction
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for interconnecting enterprise LANs. Being a student of networking, it is important that you know about all the emerging WAN technologies. To stay up-to-date with emerging and developing technologies, you may know the following alternate options available for WAN connectivity. Frame Relay Broadband DSL Broadband cable modem...
ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is a circuit-switched technology using the local loop of a PSTN to carry digital signals. It can transmit both data and voice over a digital line. It is a set of communication standards, which can transmit data, voice, and signalling. ISDN connections provide better speeds and higher...
Dialup
Dialup is a WAN connection technique established using a modem and Active PSTN line. The modem dials a number attached to another computer at the destination end and establishes a connection capable of transferring data. The modem and telephone lines work as a data transfer medium. Usually, a dial-up connection is used as a connectivity...
Leased Lines
Leased Lines are dedicated communication channels between two or more nodes. Usually, it is a pre-established WAN connection from the customer premises to the service provider network. The lines are usually leased from a service provider; they are called leased lines. The leased lines work as a dedicated tunnel from one point to another. It...
What is PDH?
PDH is the abbreviation of plesiochronous digital hierarchy. The term plesiochronous derives from two Greek words: ‘plesio’ means ‘near’ and ‘chronos’ means ‘time’. In the plesiochronous digital hierarchy, the clocks are running close but not exactly matched, so signal arrival times may be different when multiplexing, as the transmission rates are directly linked to the...
What is SDH?
SDH is the abbreviation of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, which refers to multiplexing techniques and technology used in networking and telecommunications. It is the most popular standard being used in the whole world. The SDH proved a high-speed transfer of data and digital signals. Due to synchronization, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy provides a flexible and simple network...
What is SONET?
SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Networking. It is a protocol for transmitting a huge volume of data over long distances using a fiber optic medium. Synchronous Optical Networking was primarily developed in 1984 and then standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1988. Using synchronous optical networking, multiple digital data streams are transferred...
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched
WAN devices discussed in the previous article are incomplete because other devices may be needed, depending on the chosen WAN access technology. WAN access technologies are either circuit-switched or packet-switched. Circuit Switched In a circuit-switched network, communications between end devices must be established before they can communicate. A circuit-switched network establishes a dedicated circuit (or...
WAN Devices
There are many types of specially designed WAN devices used in networks. These devices require expert skills for configuring and management. The important WAN devices are: Dialup modem Dialup Modems allow digital data to be sent over an analogue medium during the transmission and receiving of information. The dial-up modem is a legacy WAN technology....
Introduction to WAN Technologies
Wide-area networks (WANs) are used to connect different LANs together. They can bridge LANs within a city, country, or global region. For CCNA candidates, understanding WANs is crucial for the 200-301 exam’s Network Fundamentals domain (15-25% weightage). CCNP students dive deeper into scalable WAN designs via ENCOR (20-30% on WAN optimization). Here’s why WANs matter:...