Author: Asad Ijaz

NetworkUstad's lead networking architect with CCIE certification. Specializes in CCNA exam preparation and enterprise network design. Authored 2,800+ technical guides on Cisco systems, BGP routing, and network security protocols since 2018. Picture this: I'm not just someone who writes about tech; I'm a certified expert in the field. I proudly hold the titles of Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA). So, when I talk about networking, I'm not just whistling in the dark; I know my stuff! My website is like a treasure trove of knowledge. You'll find a plethora of articles and tutorials covering a wide range of topics related to networking and cybersecurity. It's not just a website; it's a learning hub for anyone who's eager to dive into the world of bits, bytes, and secure connections. And here's a fun fact: I'm not a lone wolf in this journey. I'm a proud member and Editor of Team NetworkUstad. Together, we're on a mission to empower people with the knowledge they need to navigate the digital landscape safely and effectively. So, if you're ready to embark on a tech-savvy adventure, stick around with me, Asad Ijaz Khattak. We're going to unravel the mysteries of technology, one article at a time!"
CCNA December 26, 2019

OSPF LSA Types – Exclusive Explanation

OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that is used to find the best path between the source and the destination. The SPF algorithm is used to determine the best path. OSPF enabled routers exchange LSAs to update and maintain LSDBs. LSAs act as database records and provide specific OSPF network details. Currently, 11 different types […]
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Learn the key functions of the router
CCNA December 25, 2019

Types of Routers in OSPF – Exclusive

OSPF uses four different types of routers with a unique role and set of defining characteristics within the hierarchy. The routers control the traffic that goes in and out of areas. The OSPF routers are categorized based on the function they perform in the routing domain. The four types of routers are following:- Internal router– […]
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CCNA December 24, 2019

How to OSPF MD5 Authentication

OSPF supports routing protocol authentication using MD5 Authentication. It is more secure than plain text authentication. It uses the MD5 algorithm to calculate a hash value from the contents of the OSPF packet and a password and then the hash value is transmitted in the packet. The receiver side, which knows the password, calculates its […]
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CCNA December 24, 2019

Introduction to OSPF Authentication

The role of routers in a network is so crucial that they are often the targets of network attacks. The routers are also at risk from the attack just as much as end-user systems. Routing systems can be attacked by disrupting the routing peers or by falsifying the information passed within the routing protocol. Falsified […]
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CCNA December 22, 2019

OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals – Exclusive Details

Devices enable OSPF to constantly track the status of their neighbors, sending and receiving hello packets. Hello, packets show whether each neighbour still is functioning, and sending and receiving link-state advertisement and acknowledgment packets. OSPF sends hello packets and expects to receive Hello packets at particular intervals. The Hello and Dead Intervals timer is included […]
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CCNA December 22, 2019

Propagating a Default Static Route in OSPF

We have already discussed the Default route Propagation in “Propagate Default Route in RIP”. In this article, I am going to discuss propagating a default static route in OSPFv2 and OSPFv3. The route propagation is useful when there is a single exit point in the network to reach the internet or any other service. The […]
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CCNA December 20, 2019

What is OSPF Priority – Exclusive Explanation

Each broadcast and Non-Broadcast Multi-Access (NBMA) network has a designated router. This router is the central point for collecting and distributing LSAs, so it must have enough CPU and memory capability to handle the workload. Configurations can be used to control the DR/BDR election process. The designated router decreases routing protocol traffic by enabling a […]
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OSPF Designated Router
CCNA December 19, 2019

What is OSPF Designated Router

In the previous lesson, we discussed the challenges of the OSPF Multi-access network. The two challenges are unwanted adjacencies and the flooding of LSAs. The solution is the Designated Router (DR). DRs are designated to coordinate topology updates. On multiaccess networks, at initialization, a Designated Router (DR) and a backup designated router (BDR) are elected. […]
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CCNA December 15, 2019

What are Challenges in Multiaccess OSPF Networks

OSPF defines five types of network. The types are point-to-point, Broadcast Multi-access, Non-broadcast Multi-access (NBMA), point-to-multi-point and virtual networks. The Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs: Multiple adjacencies– Open shortest path first (OSPF) try to find the best path between the source and the destination router.  There are multiple […]
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CCNA December 14, 2019

Frame Control Field Format – Exclusive Explanation

We have already discussed the frame control field format in the previous lesson that the Frame Control field contains multiple subfields. The figure below illustrates the subfields of the frame control field. Protocol Version – It is a 2-bit field that indicates the current version of the protocol. The receiving devices use this value to […]
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