Muhammad Khattak
Routing and switching specialist, CCNA certified, with extensive experience in network configuration and troubleshooting. Covers OSPF, EIGRP, VLAN management, and advanced routing concepts.
Switching Fundamentals – Everything to Know
An Ethernet switch is a Layer 2 device. Therefore, the switch uses MAC addresses for switching decisions. It is unaware of the protocol being carried in the data portion of the frame, such as an IPv4 packet. The Ethernet hub repeats bits out of all ports except the incoming port, but an Ethernet switch consults...
Mastering Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses in 2025
In Ethernet, Multicast, and Broadcast Addresses always describe a group of recipients. However, the unicast explains communication where data is sent from one point to another. Unicast Address A unicast address means a packet has been sent from a single source to a specific destination. All Ethernet and IP networks support unicast transmission. A unicast...
Ethernet Frame Structure: A Guide to IEEE 802.3 in 2025
In 2025, the Ethernet frame structure, defined by IEEE 802.3, is the backbone of wired and wireless networking, enabling reliable data transfer in everything from smart homes to data centers. This guide explores the components of an Ethernet frame, their roles, and their relevance in modern networks like 400GbE and IoT. Overview of Ethernet Frame...
Fiber Optic Connectors
Fibre optic connectors terminate both ends of an optical fiber. A variety of fiber optic connectors are available. The differences between the types of connectors are the size and the coupling methods. There are four types of fiber optic connectors in use. The list of all kinds of fiber optic connectors is as follows: We...
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a network communication protocol designed to send data packets over the Internet. It is a transport layer protocol in the OSI model. It creates a connection between remote computers by transporting and ensuring the delivery of messages over supporting networks and the Internet. When the application layer requires sending...