Asad Ijaz
Lead Networking Architect and Editor at NetworkUstad. CCNP and CCNA certified, with 10+ years of experience in enterprise network design, implementation, and troubleshooting. Writes practical tutorials on routing, IPv4 management, network automation, and security fundamentals.
اسلامیات – مشق برائے سبق توحید
سوال نمبر 3 – درج ذیل سوالات کے مختصر جواب تحریر کریں سوال ۔ عقیدہ توحید کا مفہوم لکھیں۔ جواب – توحید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے لغوی معنی ایک ماننا ، یکتا جاننا ہے۔ شریعت ۔ کے اصطلاح میں توحید سے مراد اللہ تعالیٰ کو ایک ماننا ،یکتا جاننا ہے سوال –...
PPP Overview
PPP is WAN encapsulation protocol that was built in the 1990s. It is an open standard protocol so the protocol can be used with all vendors. Point to Point Protocol can work with Synchronous serial connection, Asynchronous serial connection, High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSI), ISDN interfaces (BRI and PRI) telephone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized...
Serial Cable: Types, Pinouts, and DTE/DCE Connections
A serial cable is used to interconnect DTEs (Data Terminal Equipment) and DCEs (Data Communications Equipment). DTEs are the devices that actually generate or receive the data being communicated, such as a computer, router, or terminal. DCEs are the devices that facilitate and relay that data across the connection, such as a modem or CSU/DSU....
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): Complete Guide
Multiplexing is a technique that allows multiple logical signals to share a single physical channel. The two most fundamental multiplexing techniques in telecommunications and networking are Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and its dynamic counterpart, Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM). This guide focuses on TDM, its frame structure, real-world implementations in T1 and E1 circuits, Cisco...
Point to Point Communication Links
Usually, a point to Point links is used when permanent dedicated connections are required. It is a pre-established WAN communications path connection, which can securely connect two or more locations for private data services. The point to point links is available with different standards and different speed including T1 lines, Ethernet or DS3. Enterpriser usually...
Serial Communication – Complete Guide
Serial communication is the famous and broadly used technique to transfer data between processing equipment and peripherals. Serial communication is used to transfer data across the WANs. The sending router encapsulates the data using a communication protocol. The encapsulated data is sent on a physical medium to the WAN, and the receiving router de-encapsulates the...
Serial Port: How Serial Interfaces Work in Networking
A serial port allows a PC or network device to transmit or receive data one bit at a time over a single channel. Serial interfaces are the foundation of point-to-point WAN connections — the leased line links that connect remote sites across cities and countries. While USB has replaced serial ports on most PCs, serial...
VPN Technology
VPN is the abbreviation for a virtual private network. VPN technology creates a safe and encrypted connection over an unsecured network, such as the Internet. It extends a private network using a public network, such as the Internet. A virtual private network uses virtual connections known as VPN tunnels instead of a dedicated Layer 2...
Cellular Network: How Cellular WAN Technology Works
Cellular networks are a type of wireless WAN technology. They provide connectivity to users and remote locations where no other WAN access technologies are available. Millions of users rely on cellular networks daily to email, browse the web, download apps, stream video, and make voice calls from smartphones, tablets, laptops, and even routers equipped with...
Cable Internet
Network and Internet Access through Cable TV is a type of broadband internet access that uses the resources of the television cable system. It provides network edge connectivity from the internet service provider (ISP) to an end-user of the internet services in the same way as DSL and fibre to the home (FTTH) provides. Cable...