PPP is WAN encapsulation protocol that was built in the 1990s. It is an open standard protocol so the protocol can be used with all vendors. Point to Point Protocol can work with Synchronous serial connection, Asynchronous serial connection, High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSI), ISDN interfaces (BRI and PRI) telephone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized… Read more
Earlier in the previous article, I have discussed that HDLC is the default encapsulation protocol type on point-to-point connections, dedicated links, and circuit-switched links when the link uses two Cisco devices. It is a synchronous Data Link layer bit-oriented protocol originally developed from the Synchronous Data Link Protocol (SDLC) and became standardized by ISO as
The network layer passes the data to the data link layer for transmission over the physical layer. The Data Link layer creates frames by adding the necessary checks and controls around the Network layer data. The encapsulation on a router serial interface must be configured to guarantee the correct encapsulation method is used. Different WAN
Serial cable is used to interconnect DTEs and DCEs. The DCEs are data communication equipment that generates or receives data, and the DCEs are data communication equipment that only relays data. There are two types of cables: one for connecting a DTE to a DCE and another for connecting two DTEs directly. The DTE/DCE interface
Statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) shares a communication like TDM, but like the TDM, the time slots are not allocated to any channel. In the case of TDM, time slots are allocated to channels and reserved even if there is no data to send. This allocation is just a waste of bandwidth, and Statistical time-division multiplexing
Multiplexing is a technique that allows multiple logical signals to share a single physical channel. The two common types of multiplexing are time-division multiplexing (TDM) and statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM). In this article, I am going to discuss the time-division multiplexing. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) transmits more than one streaming digital signal over a common
Usually, a point to Point links is used when permanent dedicated connections are required. It is a pre-established WAN communications path connection, which can securely connect two or more locations for private data services. The point to point links is available with different standards and different speed including T1 lines, Ethernet or DS3. Enterpriser usually
Serial communication is the famous and broadly used technique to transfer data between processing equipment and peripherals. Serial communication is used to transfer data across the WANs. The sending router encapsulates the data using a communication protocol. The encapsulated data is sent on a physical medium to the WAN, and the receiving router de-encapsulates the
Parallel ports usually used for connecting printers, computers, and other devices that required high bandwidth. The port is also used for interconnection between interior components of the devices. Parallel ports can be transmitted simultaneously over multiple wires. Theoretically parallel port is eight-time faster than a serial port. The serial port sends one bit while at
A serial port allows a PC or network devices to transmit or receive data one bit at a time. A serial interface is the oldest types of an interface that was also used to connect printers and external modems to a PC at that time. Modern serial ports are used in scientific instruments such as