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How to Encapsulate OSPF Messages

August 31, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) runs over the Internet Protocol’s network layer. So, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) encapsulated only...

Master OSPF Packets Type: Essential Knowledge for Cisco Certification (Updated 2025)

August 31, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a powerful link-state routing protocol widely used in enterprise networks and a key topic...

Introduction to Single-Area OSPF and Multi-Area OSPF

August 31, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Because of its hierarchical design, OSPF is more efficient and scalable. The OSPF segments the network into different areas. An...

Link State Operation – Exclusive Explanation

August 31, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Link state is the most used routing protocol; therefore, the link state operation is essential for networking students. In this...

Introduction to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

August 31, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol replacing distance vector routing protocol, RIP. RIP was acceptable in...

Best Route, Routing Table Terms, and Lookup Process

August 30, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

The best route is the longest match route to the destination IP address. The route lookup process matches the destination...

What is the Routing Table Entries

August 30, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

The routers are typically responsible for directing traffic across multiple networks. Each router maintains a list of known networks and...

Protocols that Use Link-State

August 30, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Only two routing protocols use link-state: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). Open Shortest...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Link-State

August 30, 2019 By Asad Ijaz

Link-state routing protocols have several advantages and disadvantages compared to distance vector routing protocols. This article will discuss these advantages...