Category: CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate certification resources

Diagram illustrating DNS hierarchy, message format, security threats, and common record types.
CCNA August 9, 2019

DNS-Domain Name System

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the backbone of modern networking, translating human-readable domain names like networkustad.com into machine-readable IP addresses such as 64.91.237.241. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding DNS is critical because it underpins how devices communicate in IP networks, including Cisco-based infrastructures. Think of DNS as the Internet’s phone book, enabling seamless...
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Diagram of DHCP DORA process showing Discover, Offer, Request, and Acknowledge messages.
CCNA August 8, 2019

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP) Updated 2025

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a cornerstone of modern networking, automating IP address allocation to streamline network management. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding DHCP is critical, as it simplifies the configuration of IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS servers in both small and large networks. Unlike static IP addressing, which...
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A diagram illustrating the email communication process between a Client, SMTP Server-1, and SMTP Server-2. The Client sends an email to admin@networkustad.com, with an arrow showing the message transmitted to SMTP Server-1. An arrow from SMTP Server-1 to SMTP Server-2 indicates forwarding if the recipient is not local, with TLS 1.3 encryption highlighted in green, and a return arrow shows undeliverable message feedback.
CCNA August 8, 2019

Master SMTP, POP, and IMAP for Seamless Email Success (Updated 2025)

Email is one of the primary services running on the Internet. So, what application, protocol, and services are required for email? The email server stores email messages in a database. Email uses the store-and-forward method for sending and storing messages. Email clients communicate with the servers running mail services to send and receive email. The...
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HTTP and HTML
CCNA August 8, 2019

Master HTTP and HTML and Boost Your Skills With Our 2025 Exclusive Guide

HTTP is an abbreviation for HyperText Transfer Protocol, whereas HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Learn About HTTP and HTML are the application-layer protocol that governs data exchange between web servers and clients, while HTML is the markup language used to structure and present content on web pages. HTTP facilitates transmission, whereas HTML defines the...
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CCNA August 7, 2019

Master Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer and Boost Your Skills (Updated 2025)

Client-server and Peer-to-Peer terms are often used in computer networks. Both are network models that we use in our day-to-day lives. The Client-Server model focuses on information sharing, whereas the Peer-to-Peer network model focuses on connectivity to remote computers. The detailed explanation of both models is the following:- Client-Server Network Model In the client-server model,...
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A diagram showing the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) communication between Host A (Sender) and Host B (Receiver) via a Network cloud. Host A, labeled as Sender, sends data to Host B, labeled as Receiver, with arrows indicating the data flow through the network.
CCNA August 7, 2019

Master User Datagram Protocol (UDP) With Our Exclusive 2025 Guide

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a lightweight communication protocol optimized for low-latency, loss-tolerant data transmission, ideal for Internet applications. Paired with IP (UDP/IP), it sends datagrams—small data packets—alongside TCP, serving CCNA/CCNP learners in 2025 network design. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Low Overhead vs Reliability UDP provides basic transport layer functions with lower bandwidth overhead...
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