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Diagram illustrating VLAN ID ranges on Cisco Catalyst switches, showing normal VLAN range from 1 to 1005 with reserved VLANs 1002-1005, and extended VLAN range from 1006 to 4094.

Introduction to VLAN ID Range – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)

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Cisco Catalyst switches support a VLAN ID Range from 1 to 4094, divided into normal (1-1005) and extended (1006-4094) ranges. The normal range suits small to enterprise networks, with VLANs 1002-1005 reserved for Token Ring and FDDI, and cannot be removed. Extended ranges, stored in the running-config, support service providers but offer fewer features and […]

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Diagram illustrating VLANs across three floors with Sales, Management, and IT departments connected via switches Sw1, Sw2, and Sw3.

Master Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)- Defeat Traffic Issues Effectively! 2025 Guide

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Separation of the large broadcast domain into smaller ones improves network performance. By design, routers block broadcast traffic. But routers usually have a limited number of LAN interfaces. A router’s main role is to move data between different networks. Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) enhance network performance by segmenting large broadcast domains into smaller, manageable

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A diagram illustrating the evolution from a flat network to a hierarchical network. The flat network shows a single layer with multiple interconnected devices, including computers, IP phones, and switches, leading to broadcast traffic issues. The hierarchical network is divided into three layers: Core Layer with high-speed switches, Distribution Layer with routing and switching devices, and Access Layer with computers and IP phones, reducing broadcast traffic and improving efficiency.

Master Switched Networks for CCNA/CCNP Success (Updated 2025)

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A few years ago, flat Layer 2 switched networks, relying on Ethernet hubs and repeaters, were the standard for campus LANs, broadcasting traffic inefficiently. The shift to switched LANs, as shown in Figure 1, introduced hierarchical designs using Cisco Catalyst switches, enabling traffic management, scalability, and advanced features. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding this

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Illustration of a converged enterprise network with Cisco devices connecting voice, video, and data endpoints across core, distribution, and access layers.

Master Converged Networks: Cisco Tools and Tips for Certification (Updated 2025)

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A converged network integrates voice, video, and data traffic over a single, high-performance IP infrastructure, enabling efficient communication for modern businesses. Unlike traditional networks that rely on separate infrastructures for each service, a converged network leverages Layer 2 (e.g., Ethernet switches) and Layer 3 (e.g., routers) devices to streamline operations. For CCNA and CCNP students,

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Network diagram showing Comcast Xfinity and AT&T Internet routers connected to a central router, server, and multiple computers for redundancy and traffic management.

Master Network Uptime with Powerful Redundancy Strategies For Small Network (Updated 2025)

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Redundancy In a Small Network Redundancy is a critical factor in network design, ensuring reliability and minimizing costly downtime in a business. It eliminates single points of failure, enhancing small network resilience. There are several ways to achieve redundancy in a small network. Network redundancy can be achieved by installing standby and alternate network devices,

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Diagram of small network topology with router, switch, servers, and connected devices.

Small Network Topologies – Exclusive Details (Updated 2025)

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This guide is designed for network professionals using Windows (e.g., 10/11) or Linux (e.g., Ubuntu 22.04) systems. Network configuration can be managed via Command Prompt (cmd) on Windows or terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T) on Linux, with tools like ipconfig (Windows) or ifconfig (Linux) for IP management. These OS platforms are essential for implementing

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A flowchart illustrating the SMB connection process, showing a Client initiating a request, DNS resolution to an IP address, SMB connection on port 445 with TLS 1.3 encryption in green, and resource access to files and printers, including Samba support

Master Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol and Boost Your Network Skills (Updated 2025)

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The Server Message Block (SMB) is a network protocol that allows the host to share data within the same network. It shares directories, files, printers, and serial ports as quickly as on the local computer. It is a request-response protocol that uses TCP port 445 for communication. All the messages of the SMB protocol have

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A diagram illustrating the email communication process between a Client, SMTP Server-1, and SMTP Server-2. The Client sends an email to admin@networkustad.com, with an arrow showing the message transmitted to SMTP Server-1. An arrow from SMTP Server-1 to SMTP Server-2 indicates forwarding if the recipient is not local, with TLS 1.3 encryption highlighted in green, and a return arrow shows undeliverable message feedback.

Master SMTP, POP, and IMAP for Seamless Email Success (Updated 2025)

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Email is one of the primary services running on the Internet. So, what application, protocol, and services are required for email? The email server stores email messages in a database. Email uses the store-and-forward method for sending and storing messages. Email clients communicate with the servers running mail services to send and receive email. The

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A table showing IP address classes with details for CCNA and networking students.

Mastering IPv4 Address Classes with Confidence: 2025 Guide

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The IPv4 address is an identifying number for network devices. It is similar to a home or business address, which supplies that specific physical location with a particular address. Devices on a network are differentiated from one another through IPv4 addresses. In 2025, understanding IPv4 addressing is critical for CCNA preparation and managing networks with

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Comparison diagram of in-band vs. out-of-band network management protocols in a server rack environment

In-Band and Out-of-Band Network Management: A Complete Guide for Beginners

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Network Management is critical for businesses, IT teams, and even CCNA students learning the ropes. Two fundamental approaches—in-band and out-of-band (OOB) management—determine how administrators monitor, configure, and troubleshoot devices. This guide’ll break down these concepts, compare their pros and cons, and explore real-world use cases. By the end, you’ll understand when to use each method and how modern

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