Category: CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate certification resources

A diagram illustrating the TCP 3-way handshake between a Host and a Server. The steps include: Step-1 with Host sending SYN (Seq=x), Server receiving SYN; Step-2 with Server sending SYN ACK (Seq=x, ACK=x+1), Host receiving SYN ACK; and Step-3 with Host sending ACK (ACK=y+1), enabling data transfer with binary data shown.
CCNA August 6, 2019

Master TCP 3-Way Handshake and Boost Your Skills (Updated 2025)

The TCP 3-way handshake is also known as the TCP handshake. It contains three message handshakes or SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK. It is the method for TCP/IP connection over an IP-based network. TCP’s 3-way handshaking is often called the SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK technique because there are three messages transmitted by TCP to negotiate and start...
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Terminal window displaying Netstat command output with active TCP connections and port statistics.
CCNA August 2, 2019

Netstat Command, Troubleshoot Connections in Seconds Exclusive 2025 Guide

Knowing which active TCP connections are open on a networked host is crucial, especially with the 2025 IoT growth. The netstat command is a vital tool for verifying these connections on Windows (e.g., 10/11) or Linux, addressing security risks from unexplained connections, a key concern as of 2025 This netstat command shows detailed information about...
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A comparative diagram of TCP and UDP, with TCP shown as connection-oriented and reliable with a cloud and envelope exchanges between computers, and UDP as connectionless and unreliable with direct envelope transfers, branded by NetworkUstad.
CCNA August 1, 2019

TCP vs UDP Explained: Unlock the Secrets of Success 2025 Guide

The TCP and UDP transport layer protocols handle data communications between terminals in an IP network, with TCP and UDP adapting to 2025’s IoT and 5G demands. The TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, and UDP is a connectionless protocol. TCP powers secure file transfers like banking uploads, while UDP drives live sports streaming, meeting 2025’s...
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Diagram showing IPv6 subnetting for departments with host requirements and corresponding subnet allocations.
CCNA July 29, 2019

IPv6 Subnetting Simplified: Unlock the Power of Next-Gen Networking

The shift to IPv6 addresses the exhaustion of IPv4’s 32-bit space, with adoption accelerating in 2025 to support IoT and global connectivity, necessitating new subnetting strategies. IPv6 addresses are increasingly replacing IPv4 due to address exhaustion, with adoption surpassing 40% globally by 2025, driving new subnetting needs. We use CIDR, VLSM, and NAT to save...
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Diagram showing VLSM subnetting with IP ranges and host allocations for departments like Sales, HR, and Management.
CCNA July 28, 2019

VLSM Insights: Avoid IP Waste with Precision Subnetting 2025 Guide

VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) helps improve the use of IP address space, with applications in IPv6 internal segmentation as of June 2025. Using a variable-length subnet mask, we can assign LAN and WAN segments without wasting IP addresses. As shown in the scenario in the Figure below, the hosts in each subnetwork will be...
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Subnetting Based on Network Requirement
CCNA July 28, 2019

Master Subnetting Based on Network Requirement – Exclusive Guide 2025

Sometimes, the number of sub-networks is more critical than the number of host addresses per sub-network. For example, an organization wants to separate network traffic based on internal structure or department setup. In this case, subnetting based on network requirements is most important in determining how many bits to borrow. The addressing scheme must allow...
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/8 prefix
CCNA July 26, 2019

Creating 4000 Subnets from a /8 Prefix – Exclusive How to Guide

Some organizations need more subnets. For example, a small ISP requires 4000 subnets for its clients. Each client required abundant space in the host portion to create their subnets. The network address 115.0.0.0/8 has a default subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 or /8 prefix. The /8 prefix means that there are 24 host bits available to...
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