Category: CCNA

Cisco Certified Network Associate certification resources

Diagram illustrating framing in the data link layer, showing different types of frames used in network communication
CCNA June 2, 2019

Framing in Data Link Layer – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)

Data-link layer framing is a critical process in networking, enabling reliable data transmission across diverse media. The data-link layer takes packets from the Network Layer and encapsulates them into frames, the fundamental data units for network communication. If the frame size becomes too large, the packet may be divided into smaller frames to ensure efficient...
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Feature image for an article titled 'CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (CSMA)' with a colorful patchwork border and the NetworkUstad logo in the bottom right corner.
CCNA June 2, 2019

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): Explained for 2025

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a network protocol that listens for a carrier signal before transmitting data, reducing collisions on shared transmission media like Ethernet and Wi-Fi networks. By checking the state of the medium before sending, CSMA ensures efficient data transmission in networks with multiple devices. As part of the Media Access Control...
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Diagram of a network topology being drawn on a laptop screen by a person, illustrating a star topology with multiple connected devices, set against a vibrant blue and orange background, with "NETWORK TOPOLOGY" text on the left side.
CCNA June 1, 2019

Understanding Network Topology: A Comprehensive Guide

Network topology defines the schematic arrangement of devices, nodes, and connections within a computer network. It determines how data flows between devices, impacting performance, scalability, and reliability. Broadly categorized into physical network topology (the tangible layout of cables and devices) and logical network topology (the virtual path of data flow), understanding these structures is crucial...
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media access control methods
CCNA May 30, 2019

Master Media Access Control Methods in 2025: Ultimate Guide

This ultimate guide, updated in 2025, offers a deep dive into the techniques that govern device access to network media. From CSMA/CD to the latest AI-driven innovations, you’ll gain actionable insights to enhance efficiency, security, and scalability for 5G, IoT, and beyond. Whether you’re a network professional or a curious learner, this article equips you...
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Data Link Layer in the OSI model
CCNA May 30, 2019

What is Data Link Layer? Ultimate OSI Model Guide updated 2025

Are you curious about the Data Link Layer and its critical role in modern networking? This ultimate guide delivers a deep dive into Layer 2 of the OSI model. You’ll uncover its functions, sublayers, and 2025 innovations, empowering you to optimize networks for 5G, IoT, and beyond. Whether you’re a network administrator or a tech...
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Wireless media devices and technologies
CCNA May 30, 2019

Master Wireless Media in 2025: Comprehensive Networking Guide

Wireless media carry data through electromagnetic signals using radio or microwave frequencies. They provide the best mobility options, and the number of wireless-enabled devices continues to increase. Wireless is quickly gaining popularity in enterprise networks as network bandwidth options increase. The first wireless transmitter went on air in the 20th century using Morse Code. Nowadays,...
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Fiber vs Copper
CCNA May 29, 2019

Fiber vs Copper in 2025: The Ultimate Comparison Guide

Are you deciding between fiber vs copper for your 2025 network infrastructure? This ultimate comparison guide delivers actionable insights to optimize your connectivity. Whether you’re upgrading a data center, deploying 5G, or building a smart home, you’ll gain a deep understanding of fiber optic and copper cabling, including their strengths, limitations, and future trends. Dive...
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Fiber optic Connectors
CCNA May 29, 2019

Fiber Optic Connectors

Fibre optic connectors terminate both ends of an optical fiber. A variety of fiber optic connectors are available. The differences between the types of connectors are the size and the coupling methods. There are four types of fiber optic connectors in use. The list of all kinds of fiber optic connectors is as follows: We...
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Diagram illustrating the wiring configuration for 568A and 568B cable connectors in Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling, showing color-coded wire pairs.
CCNA May 28, 2019

Master Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cabling in 2025: Ultimate Guide

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling remains a cornerstone of modern networking, powering Ethernet and telephone systems worldwide. As a lightweight, cost-effective solution, UTP has evolved to meet the demands of 2025’s high-speed networks, including 5G and IoT. Updated by NetworkUstad, this comprehensive guide explores UTP’s structure, categories, installation techniques, and future trends, crafted by CCNP...
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