Port forwarding is a critical networking technique that allows external devices to access services on a private network by directing traffic from a public IP address and port to a specific internal IP and port. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding port forwarding is essential for configuring routers, securing networks, and enabling services like web […]
Social engineering remains one of the most effective tactics in a cybercriminal’s arsenal, accounting for 36% of initial access vectors in incident response cases between May 2024 and May 2025. It’s a psychological manipulation technique where attackers exploit human behavior to gain unauthorized access to information, systems, or physical locations—without relying on code or exploits.
Security backdoors and vulnerabilities can severely impact web browsers, leading to unwanted pop-up ads, collection of personal data, or installation of adware, viruses, or spyware. Cybercriminals often target a browser’s executable files, core components, and browser plugins to gain unauthorized access. Browser Plugins A browser plugin (now often called an extension or add-on in modern
Browser Plugins and Poisoning: Risks, Exploits, and Defenses in Cybersecurity Read More »
In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, social engineering attacks like vishing, smishing, pharming, and whaling continue to exploit human vulnerabilities alongside network weaknesses. According to the 2025 Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, phishing variants account for over 30% of breaches, with vishing and smishing rising due to mobile and VoIP adoption. As a network engineer,
In the previous article, I discussed malware, including its types: viruses, worms, ransomware, Trojan horses, logic bombs, back doors, and rootkits. This article dives deeper into additional malware types—spyware, adware, and scareware—focusing on their mechanics, network implications, and real-world impacts. As a network engineer with years of experience in cybersecurity, I’ll emphasize how these threats
Understanding Spyware, Adware, and Scareware: A Cybersecurity Guide for Enthusiasts Read More »
Email remains a universal service for billions worldwide, serving as one of the most popular communication tools. However, its widespread use comes with significant vulnerabilities, making it a prime target for cybercriminals. These unsolicited messages, commonly known as “junk mail” or spam, are predominantly sent by advertisers or malicious actors. Criminals exploit spam to distribute
Identifying Spam Mail: A Comprehensive Cybersecurity Guide for 2025 Read More »
Cyber security threats are a growing concern worldwide, escalating with AI and ransomware in 2025. Individuals and organizations rely on networks, making intrusions devastating. Computer networks are necessary for everyday activities, and both individuals and organizations depend on their computers and networks. Intrusion to these computers by an illegal person can result in a network
Cyber Security Threats and Defenses: A Comprehensive Guide for 2025 Read More »
Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM), also known as traditional or classful subnetting, is a foundational concept in IP addressing that CCNA students must master before advancing to more efficient techniques like VLSM in CCNP. In FLSM, an equal number of addresses is allocated to each subnet using a uniform mask length, which simplifies routing in internal
Fixed-Length Subnet Masking (FLSM) Exclusive Explanation Read More »
Only the IP address of the next-hop IPv6 is specified in the next-hop static IPv6 route. The exit interface is derived from the next hop. For example, in Figure 1, three next-hop static routes are configured on Router 0. Before forwarding any packet, the router must resolve the route to determine the exit interface to
Static IPv6 Route Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address Read More »
We can configure static or dynamic routes after configuring directly connected interfaces. Static routes are manually configured and provide a clear path between two networking devices. However, they must be manually reconfigured if the network topology changes, which is the main disadvantage of static routes. It is more secure and efficient than dynamic routes. It
Master How to configure Static Route – IPv4 and IPv6 (Updated 2025) Read More »
