Asad Ijaz
Lead Networking Architect and Editor at NetworkUstad. CCNP and CCNA certified, with 10+ years of experience in enterprise network design, implementation, and troubleshooting. Writes practical tutorials on routing, IPv4 management, network automation, and security fundamentals.
Leased Lines
Leased Lines are dedicated communication channels between two or more nodes. Usually, it is a pre-established WAN connection from the customer premises to the service provider network. The lines are usually leased from a service provider; they are called leased lines. The leased lines work as a dedicated tunnel from one point to another. It...
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched
WAN devices discussed in the previous article are incomplete because other devices may be needed, depending on the chosen WAN access technology. WAN access technologies are either circuit-switched or packet-switched. Circuit Switched In a circuit-switched network, communications between end devices must be established before they can communicate. A circuit-switched network establishes a dedicated circuit (or...
WAN Devices
There are many types of specially designed WAN devices used in networks. These devices require expert skills for configuring and management. The important WAN devices are: Dialup modem Dialup Modems allow digital data to be sent over an analogue medium during the transmission and receiving of information. The dial-up modem is a legacy WAN technology....
MD5 Routing Protocol Authentication – Exclusive Explanation
Network security is an important consideration for network administrators. The router install in a public network is at risk each time, anyone with a packet sniffer can read information propagating between routers. The router can be attacked through the interruption of peer devices or the falsifying of routing information. Interruption of peers is less critical...
NTS- Pakistan Studies Test-1
The National Testing Service (NTS) is a cornerstone of standardized testing in Pakistan, yet its influence and operational nuances remain widely misunderstood. Despite its ubiquity in academic and professional assessments, misconceptions about its processes, validity, and impact persist. A 2026 study by the Pakistan Institute of Education found that 68% of test-takers believe NTS results...
Introduction to Wireless Antennas
Wireless antennas are elements of a radio communications system that radiate and/or collect radiofrequency energy. They are usually connected using a low-loss coaxial cable to a power amplifier, splitter, and filter or directly to wireless devices. For outdoor usage, wireless antennas are often attached via mounting clamps to a mast or the side of a...
What is Wireless Access Points
In the LAN (Wired Network) each client connects to a switch. The switch is the center point for each client to gain access to the network. The wireless Access Points also connects to the switch. Wireless clients discover nearby APs using their wireless NIC. The wireless Access Points are advertising their SSID for the client....
Wireless Home Router Exclusive Explanation
A Wireless home router is a device that communicates between the internet and the devices in your home that connect to the internet. It routes traffic between the devices and the internet. Selecting the right kind of router for your home is very important. A wireless home router usually serves as: A wireless router server...
Wireless Network Interface Card (WNIC): How It Works, Types, and What Matters in 2026
Every device that connects to Wi-Fi does so through a Wireless Network Interface Card — the radio hardware that turns your data into radio waves and back again. Whether it’s a chip soldered onto your laptop’s motherboard, an M.2 module inside a desktop, or a USB dongle you plug in, the WNIC is what actually...
Comparison Between WLAN and LAN – Exclusive Explanation
A WLAN allows devices to connect and communicate without using wires or cables. However, traditional wired LAN devices communicate over Ethernet cables. Both WLAN and LAN share a similar origin. The IEEE has chosen the 802 network standards for LAN/MAN portfolios of computer network architecture. The two primary 802 standards are 802.3 Ethernet and 802.11...