Asad Ijaz
Lead Networking Architect and Editor at NetworkUstad. CCNP and CCNA certified, with 10+ years of experience in enterprise network design, implementation, and troubleshooting. Writes practical tutorials on routing, IPv4 management, network automation, and security fundamentals.
What is VSAT?
VSAT is the abbreviation of Very small aperture terminal. It is important WAN technology for both home users and organizations; they needed connectivity in remote areas where there is no possibility of fiber optic, copper cable and microwave. It is the solution that creates a private WAN using satellite communications. A VSAT contains is a...
MPLS
MPLS is the abbreviation of Multiprotocol Label Switching. It is a WAN protocol that sends data from one router to another router, based on short path labels rather than IP network addresses. It was created from 1994 to 1999 as an alternative to Internet Protocol (IP) routing. It was the more effective alternative to multilayer switching...
Ethernet WAN
Ethernet was initially considered not suitable as a WAN access technology because of the maximum cable length supported was only up to a kilometre. However, newer Ethernet standards with fiber optic have made Ethernet an important WAN option. For example, the IEEE 1000BASE-ZX standard supports up to 70 km of distance. Ethernet WAN provides high-bandwidth...
What is ATM?
ATM is the abbreviation of Asynchronous Transfer Mode. It is using time-division multiplexing (TDM) for data communications. It is capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks. ATM is working on a cell-based architecture in place of frame-based architecture. The size of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode cell is fixed to 53...
Leased Lines
Leased Lines are dedicated communication channels between two or more nodes. Usually, it is a pre-established WAN connection from the customer premises to the service provider network. The lines are usually leased from a service provider; they are called leased lines. The leased lines work as a dedicated tunnel from one point to another. It...
Circuit Switched vs Packet Switched
WAN devices discussed in the previous article are incomplete because other devices may be needed, depending on the chosen WAN access technology. WAN access technologies are either circuit-switched or packet-switched. Circuit Switched In a circuit-switched network, communications between end devices must be established before they can communicate. A circuit-switched network establishes a dedicated circuit (or...
WAN Devices
There are many types of specially designed WAN devices used in networks. These devices require expert skills for configuring and management. The important WAN devices are: Dialup modem Dialup Modems allow digital data to be sent over an analogue medium during the transmission and receiving of information. The dial-up modem is a legacy WAN technology....
MD5 Routing Protocol Authentication – Exclusive Explanation
Network security is an important consideration for network administrators. The router install in a public network is at risk each time, anyone with a packet sniffer can read information propagating between routers. The router can be attacked through the interruption of peer devices or the falsifying of routing information. Interruption of peers is less critical...
NTS- Pakistan Studies Test-1
The National Testing Service (NTS) is a cornerstone of standardized testing in Pakistan, yet its influence and operational nuances remain widely misunderstood. Despite its ubiquity in academic and professional assessments, misconceptions about its processes, validity, and impact persist. A 2026 study by the Pakistan Institute of Education found that 68% of test-takers believe NTS results...
Introduction to Wireless Antennas
Wireless antennas are elements of a radio communications system that radiate and/or collect radiofrequency energy. They are usually connected using a low-loss coaxial cable to a power amplifier, splitter, and filter or directly to wireless devices. For outdoor usage, wireless antennas are often attached via mounting clamps to a mast or the side of a...