Asad Ijaz
Lead Networking Architect and Editor at NetworkUstad. CCNP and CCNA certified, with 10+ years of experience in enterprise network design, implementation, and troubleshooting. Writes practical tutorials on routing, IPv4 management, network automation, and security fundamentals.
IEEE 802.11 Standards: A Complete Guide to Wi-Fi Generations
IEEE 802.11 is the family of standards that defines how wireless local area networks (WLANs) operate. Maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), these standards specify how radio frequency (RF) signals in unlicensed ISM frequency bands are used at the Physical layer and the MAC sublayer of wireless links. Every Wi-Fi device...
Radio Frequencies Exclusive
Radio frequencies refer to the rate of oscillation of electromagnetic radio waves in the range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz. This band is used for communications transmission and broadcasting. Different radio frequencies are useful for different wireless technologies. For example, some frequencies are used for radio broadcasting, and others are used for television broadcasting....
Wireless Technologies in 2025: What’s New, What’s Changed, and What’s Next
Wireless technologies refer to technology that makes it possible to communicate over a distance without using wires or any other conductors. We can use wireless technologies for both long and short distances. Wireless technologies networks are based on electromagnetic waves, such as radio frequencies (RF), infrared (IR), satellites, etc. Remember when Wi-Fi was a luxury...
IPv6 NAT Guide: NAT64 Config, ULA & Transitions
As IPv4 address exhaustion pushed NAT into every network, IPv6 flips the script with 128-bit addresses (3.4 × 10^38 possibilities). But during transitions, NAT evolves. This guide covers Unique Local Addresses (ULA) as IPv6’s ‘private’ space and translation tools like NAT64 — essential for CCNA 200-301 IPv6 topics. NAT’s ‘security’ myth? Busted—it’s not a firewall...
Introduction to Port Forwarding including Its Configuration – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)
Port forwarding is a critical networking technique that allows external devices to access services on a private network by directing traffic from a public IP address and port to a specific internal IP and port. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding port forwarding is essential for configuring routers, securing networks, and enabling services like web...
NAT Advantages and Disadvantages (Updated 2025
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a crucial topic in Cisco’s CCNA and CCNP curricula. It helps conserve IPv4 addresses and enhances security in enterprise networks. In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of NAT, with practical examples and tips for your certification exams. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method used in IP...
Network Address Translation (NAT) & RFC 1918 Private IPv4 Addresses – Exclusive Introduction
All public IPv4 addresses must be registered with a Regional Internet Registry (RIR). The registered holder of a public Internet address can assign these addresses to a network device. There is a maximum of 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses available. Still, with the increase of personal computing and the beginning of the World Wide Web, it...
Master Stateless DHCPv6 Server Configuration – A Complete Cisco Guide
Before a stateless DHCPv6 server is configured on the Cisco router, it is important to enable IPv6 unicast routing. The unicast routing is not necessary for stateless DHCPv6 servers, but it is required for RA messages due to the use of ICMPv6. In global configuration mode, we can enable the IPv6 unicast routing using the...
DHCPv6 Operation: Avoid Costly IPv6 Configuration Mistakes
Both of the stateless and stateful DHCPv6 operations are started with an ICMPv6 RA message from the router. The RA message may have been periodic or solicited by the device using an RS message. The devices start client and server communication when stateless or stateful DHCPv6 is indicated in the RA message. The DHCPv6 operation...
Configure Router as DHCPv4 Client: Instantly Get Dynamic IP (Updated 2025)
In some cases, we need a router to be configured as DHCPv4 clients just like a client computer. But this method is not recommended for routers in an internal network. The dynamic addressing is extremely useful for routers that connect to the Internet through an ISP. We can simply connect a router using just the...