Month: October 2019

Network diagram with switches, root bridge priority settings, and STP port roles (root, designated, blocked) labeled for clarity.
CCNA October 18, 2019

Spanning Tree – Root Bridge

Every spanning tree switched network or broadcast domain has a switch designated as the root bridge. It serves as the reference point for all spanning-tree-enabled switches. The spanning tree algorithm determines which redundant paths to block. It is selected as an election process. The figure below illustrates the bridge ID (BID) fields. BID is a […]
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CCNA October 17, 2019

Spanning Tree – Port Roles

IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) use the Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) to decide which switch ports on a network must be put in a blocking state to prevent loops. The Spanning Tree Algorithm designates one switch in the network as the root bridge. The root bridge is considered […]
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CCNA October 17, 2019

What is Spanning Tree Protocol

In the previous article, I have explained the redundancy. It increases the network availability by protecting the network from a single point of failure, such as a fault in a network cable or fault in a switch. When engineers introduce physical redundancy in design, loops and duplicate frames happen. I have written in the previous […]
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CCNA October 16, 2019

What is Network Redundancy? – Exclusive Explanation

Reliability is the quality of a computer network that consistently performs according to its specifications. It has long been considered one of three related attributes that must be considered when planning a network. Network Redundancy is one of the key factors to maintain network reliability. Multiple physical connections between network devices provide redundant network paths. […]
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CCNA October 15, 2019

What is NAT for IPv6 – Exclusive Details

NAT and private IPv4 addresses have slowed down the depletion of IPv4 addresses, but NAT has some disadvantages. The one major benefit provided by NAT is security. NAT hides the private IPv4 network from the public Internet, providing a perceived level of security by denying computers on the public Internet from accessing internal hosts. However, […]
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Diagram illustrating port forwarding with traffic from public IP to private web server through a router, showing port numbers and NAT configuration pathways.
CCNA October 13, 2019

Introduction to Port Forwarding including Its Configuration – Exclusive Explanation (Updated 2025)

Port forwarding is a critical networking technique that allows external devices to access services on a private network by directing traffic from a public IP address and port to a specific internal IP and port. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding port forwarding is essential for configuring routers, securing networks, and enabling services like web […]
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Network topology diagram illustrating Port Address Translation (PAT) with multiple private IPs sharing a single public IP address through router R2, including hosts PC-1 and Laptop0 connecting to a web server via R1.
CCNA October 13, 2019

How to Configure Port Address Translation (PAT)

Port Address Translation (PAT), also known as NAT overload, is a cornerstone of IP connectivity for CCNA students and essential for conserving IPv4 addresses in real-world deployments. In the CCNA 200-301 exam (IP Services domain), you’ll configure PAT to map multiple private inside local addresses (e.g., 192.168.x.x) to a single public inside global address, enabling […]
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Cisco router R1 performing dynamic NAT translation between public internet and private LAN 192.168.0.0/16 using inside global IPv4 pool 202.128.54.0/28
CCNA October 12, 2019

How to Configure Dynamic NAT (Updated 2025)

Dynamic Network Address Translation (NAT) is a cornerstone of modern networking, allowing multiple private IP devices to share a limited pool of public IPs for internet access. Unlike static NAT, dynamic NAT automatically maps inside local addresses to a pool of inside global addresses on a first-come, first-served basis—ideal for scenarios with more internal hosts […]
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CCNA October 11, 2019

Master how to configure Static NAT on Cisco Routers? (Updated 2025)

Static NAT maps inside and outside addresses one-to-one. It allows external devices to establish a session with internal devices using the statically assigned public address. For example, an internal web server is mapped to a specific inside global address. The figure below illustrates an inside network containing a web server with a private IPv4 address […]
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NAT Advantages and disadvantages
CCNA October 10, 2019

NAT Advantages and Disadvantages (Updated 2025

Network Address Translation (NAT) is a crucial topic in Cisco’s CCNA and CCNP curricula. It helps conserve IPv4 addresses and enhances security in enterprise networks. In this article, we’ll explore the pros and cons of NAT, with practical examples and tips for your certification exams. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method used in IP […]
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