Every spanning tree switched network or broadcast domain has a switch designated as the root bridge. It serves as the reference point for all spanning-tree-enabled switches. The spanning tree algorithm determines which redundant paths to block. It is selected as an election process. The figure below illustrates the bridge ID (BID) fields. BID is a… Read more
IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) use the Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) to decide which switch ports on a network must be put in a blocking state to prevent loops. The Spanning Tree Algorithm designates one switch in the network as the root bridge. The root bridge is considered
In the previous article, I have explained the redundancy. It increases the network availability by protecting the network from a single point of failure, such as a fault in a network cable or fault in a switch. When engineers introduce physical redundancy in design, loops and duplicate frames happen. I have written in the previous
Reliability is the quality of a computer network that consistently performs according to its specifications. It has long been considered one of three related attributes that must be considered when planning a network. Network Redundancy is one of the key factors to maintain network reliability. Multiple physical connections between network devices provide redundant network paths.
What is Network Redundancy? – Exclusive Explanation Read More »
NAT and private IPv4 addresses have slowed down the depletion of IPv4 addresses, but NAT has some disadvantages. The one major benefit provided by NAT is security. NAT hides the private IPv4 network from the public Internet, providing a perceived level of security by denying computers on the public Internet from accessing internal hosts. However,
Port forwarding is a critical networking technique that allows external devices to access services on a private network by directing traffic from a public IP address and port to a specific internal IP and port. For CCNA and CCNP students, understanding port forwarding is essential for configuring routers, securing networks, and enabling services like web
Port Address Translation (PAT) is also known as NAT overload. Port Address Translation preserves addresses in the inside global address pool. Port Address Translation (PAT) allows the router to simultaneously use one inside global address for several inside local addresses. We can use a single public IPv4 address for hundreds, even thousands of internal private
Dynamic NAT maps inside local addresses to inside global addresses automatically. The inside global addresses are usually public IPv4 addresses. Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public IPv4 address or a group public IPv4 addresses for translation. Dynamic NAT also requires the configuration of the inside and outside interfaces participating in NAT like Static NAT.
Static NAT maps inside and outside addresses one-to-one. It allows external devices to establish a session with internal devices using the statically assigned public address. For example, an internal web server is mapped to a specific inside global address. The figure below illustrates an inside network containing a web server with a private IPv4 address
Before discussing the configuration of the NAT in this article we will discuss the NAT advantages and disadvantages. NAT Advantages Disadvantages of NAT With NAT advantages the NAT also some disadvantages. Because of the host on the Internet communicates directly with the NAT-enabled router in place of the actual host inside the private network. That